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Class Photograph Manufacturer/Year Number Status Withdrawn Power Voltage Notes Class 11: BN/ACEC (1985-1986) 12 Withdrawn 2013 3130 kW (4200 hp) 3000 V DC, 1500 V DC Class 12: BN/ACEC (1986-1987) 12 In service outside Belgium 2010 3130 kW (4200 hp) 25 kV AC, 3000 V DC Class 13: Alstom (1997-2001) 60 In Service n/a 5200 kW (6975 hp) 25 kV AC ...
A schematic representation of long distance electric power transmission. From left to right: G=generator, U=step-up transformer, V=voltage at beginning of transmission line, Pt=power entering transmission line, I=current in wires, R=total resistance in wires, Pw=power lost in transmission line, Pe=power reaching the end of the transmission line, D=step-down transformer, C=consumers.
Angle notation can easily describe leading and lagging current: . [1] In this equation, the value of theta is the important factor for leading and lagging current. As mentioned in the introduction above, leading or lagging current represents a time shift between the current and voltage sine curves, which is represented by the angle by which the curve is ahead or behind of where it would be ...
The name "AC" was chosen by analogy to NC, with the "A" in the name standing for "alternating" and referring both to the alternation between the AND and OR gates in the circuits and to alternating Turing machines. [1] The smallest AC class is AC 0, consisting of constant-depth unlimited fan-in circuits. The total hierarchy of AC classes is ...
The AC current density J in a conductor decreases exponentially from its value at the surface J S according to the depth d from the surface, as follows: [4]: 362 = (+) / where is called the skin depth which is defined as the depth below the surface of the conductor at which the current density has fallen to 1/e (about 0.37) of J S.
When the gate current is discontinued, if the current between the two main terminals is more than what is called the latching current, the device continues to conduct. Latching current is the minimum current that keeps the device internal structure latched in the absence of gate current.
A capacitor is a device that stores energy in the form of an electric field. As current is driven through the capacitor, charge build-up causes an opposing voltage to develop across the capacitor. This voltage increases until some maximum dictated by the capacitor structure. In an AC network, the voltage across a capacitor is constantly changing.
Current source inverters are used to produce an AC output current from a DC current supply. This type of inverter is practical for three-phase applications in which high-quality voltage waveforms are required. A relatively new class of inverters, called multilevel inverters, has gained widespread interest.