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Oxygen and the organic phase react under formation of the anthraquinone and hydrogen peroxide. Among other alkyl groups (R) ethyl-and tert-butyl-are used, e.g., 2-ethylanthraquinone. [2] [3] The hydrogen peroxide is then extracted with water and in a second step separated by fractional distillation from the water. The hydrogen peroxide ...
Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H 2 O 2. In its pure form, it is a very pale blue [ 5 ] liquid that is slightly more viscous than water . It is used as an oxidizer , bleaching agent, and antiseptic , usually as a dilute solution (3%–6% by weight) in water for consumer use and in higher concentrations for industrial use.
Hydroxyl radicals are produced with the help of one or more primary oxidants (e.g. ozone, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen) and/or energy sources (e.g. ultraviolet light) or catalysts (e.g. titanium dioxide). Precise, pre-programmed dosages, sequences and combinations of these reagents are applied in order to obtain a maximum •OH yield.
The free radicals generated by this process engage in secondary reactions. For example, the hydroxyl is a powerful, non-selective oxidant. [6] Oxidation of an organic compound by Fenton's reagent is rapid and exothermic and results in the oxidation of contaminants to primarily carbon dioxide and water.
The FOX reagent, or ferrous oxidation−xylenol orange, is used to measure levels of hydrogen peroxide in biological systems. [1] The reagent is incubated with the sample and absorbance of the product form after a series of oxidation reactions is then measured at a wavelength of 560 nm.
High-test peroxide (HTP) is a highly concentrated (85 to 98%) solution of hydrogen peroxide, with the remainder consisting predominantly of water. In contact with a catalyst, it decomposes into a high-temperature mixture of steam and oxygen, with no remaining liquid water.
The Dakin oxidation can occur in mild acidic conditions as well, with a mechanism analogous to the base-catalyzed mechanism. In methanol, hydrogen peroxide, and catalytic sulfuric acid, the carbonyl oxygen is protonated (14), after which hydrogen peroxide adds as a nucleophile to the carbonyl carbon, forming a tetrahedral intermediate (15).
Hydroperoxides can be reduced to alcohols with lithium aluminium hydride, as described in this idealized equation: 4 ROOH + LiAlH 4 → LiAlO 2 + 2 H 2 O + 4 ROH. This reaction is the basis of methods for analysis of organic peroxides. [5]