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Antibody (or immunoglobulin) structure is made up of two heavy-chains and two light-chains.These chains are held together by disulfide bonds.The arrangement or processes that put together different parts of this antibody molecule play important role in antibody diversity and production of different subclasses or classes of antibodies.
The antibody has a three-dimensional structure with beta pleated sheet and alpha helices. [5] The antibody folds so the variable regions form three loops with the framework regions folded into one another and the CDR regions on the tips of each of these loops in direct contact with the antigen.
Each antibody binds to a specific antigen in a highly specific interaction analogous to a lock and key.. An antibody (Ab) or immunoglobulin (Ig) is a large, Y-shaped protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily which is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize antigens such as bacteria and viruses, including those that cause disease.
The Joining (J) chain is a protein component that links monomers of antibodies IgM and IgA to form polymeric antibodies capable of secretion. [5] The J chain is well conserved in the animal kingdom, but its specific functions are yet to be fully understood. It is a 137 residue polypeptide, [6] encoded by the IGJ gene. [7] [8] [9]
A single antibody molecule has two antigen receptors and therefore contains twelve CDRs total. There are three CDR loops per variable domain in antibodies. Sixty CDRs can be found on a pentameric IgM molecule, which is composed of five antibodies and has increased avidity as a result of the collective affinity of all antigen-binding sites combined.
The resulting antibodies are designated IgW (also called IgX or IgNARC) and IgNAR (immunoglobulin new antigen receptor). [13] [14] The latter type is a heavy-chain antibody, an antibody lacking light chains, and can be used to produce single-domain antibodies, which are essentially the variable domain (V NAR) of an IgNAR.
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the largest of several isotypes of antibodies (also known as immunoglobulin) that are produced by vertebrates.IgM is the first antibody to appear in the response to initial exposure to an antigen; [1] [2] causing it to also be called an acute phase antibody.
Fabs are a common form-factor for monoclonal antibodies designated for therapeutic use. The Fab abciximab, which inhibits blood clotting, works by disabling glycoprotein IIb/IIIa found on platelets. [6] Ranibizumab, a treatment for macular degeneration, targets vascular endothelial growth factor A, a protein involved in the growth of blood vessels.