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Crusades against Christians were Christian religious wars dating from the 11th century First Crusade when papal reformers began equating the universal church with the papacy. Later in the 12th century the focus of crusades century focus changed from non-christian pagans and infidels to heretics and schismatics.
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land between 1095 and 1291 that had the objective of reconquering Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Muslim rule after the region had been conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate ...
The concept of "Just War", the belief that limited uses of war were acceptable, originated in the writings of earlier non-Christian Roman and Greek thinkers such as Cicero and Plato. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Later, this theory was adopted by Christian thinkers such as St Augustine , who like other Christians, borrowed much of the just war concept from Roman ...
The Great Turkish War, also known as The Fourteenth Crusade [203] was a crusade undertaken by the Holy League of Pope Innocent XI [204] against the Ottoman Empire which met with an unprecedented Crusader success leading to the recovery of most of Hungary, Transylvania, Podolia and Morea to Christian rule and the beginning of the decline of the ...
Other current researchers include Christopher Tyerman (born 1953) whose God's War: A New History of the Crusades (2006) [208] is regarded as the definitive account of all the crusades. In his An Eyewitness History of the Crusades (2004), [209] Tyerman provides the history of the crusades told from original eyewitness sources, both Christian and ...
Climax of the First Crusade Archived 2005-11-01 at the Wayback Machine Detailed examanination by J. Arthur McFall originally appeared in Military History magazine. Asbridge, Thomas S. (2004). The First Crusade: A New History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-7432-2084-2. Asbridge, Thomas (2012). The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land ...
The cause of Saladin's retreat and the Christian victory struck all Muslims. Some of Saladin's parties even lied and said they had won the battle. [20] Baldwin IV memorialized his victory by erecting a Benedictine monastery on the battlefield, dedicated to St. Catherine of Alexandria, whose feast day fell on the day of the battle. [21]
The most notable campaigns were the Livonian and Prussian crusades. Some of these wars were called crusades during the Middle Ages, however others, including the 12th century First Swedish Crusade and several following military incursions by Scandinavian Christians against the then pagan Finns, were dubbed "crusades" only in the 19th century by ...