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For many drugs, severe toxicities in humans occur at sublethal doses, which limit their maximum dose. A higher safety-based therapeutic index is preferable instead of a lower one; an individual would have to take a much higher dose of a drug to reach the lethal threshold than the dose taken to induce the therapeutic effect of the drug.
It is defined as the inverse of the absolute risk increase, and computed as / (), where is the incidence in the treated (exposed) group, and is the incidence in the control (unexposed) group. [1] Intuitively, the lower the number needed to harm, the worse the risk factor, with 1 meaning that every exposed person is harmed.
[199] [200] In a study of topical application of hydrocortisone solution in men, skin permeability (defined as total radiolabeled urinary excretion) relative to the forearm (1.0) was 42.0 for the scrotum, 13.0 for the jaw angle, 6.0 for the forehead, 3.6 for the underarm, 3.5 for the scalp, 1.7 for the back, 0.8 for the palm of the hand, 0.4 ...
Conversely, the measure is symmetric when the change decreases by an equivalent amount e.g. a halving is equal to a log 2 fold change of −1, a quartering is equal to a log 2 fold change of −2 and so on. This leads to more aesthetically pleasing plots, as exponential changes are displayed as linear and so the dynamic range is increased.
The PPV and NPV are not intrinsic to the test (as true positive rate and true negative rate are); they depend also on the prevalence. [2] Both PPV and NPV can be derived using Bayes' theorem . Although sometimes used synonymously, a positive predictive value generally refers to what is established by control groups, while a post-test ...
In general, a higher concentration of inhibitor leads to lowered agonist activity. IC 50 value increases as agonist concentration increases. Furthermore, depending on the type of inhibition, other factors may influence IC 50 value; for ATP dependent enzymes, IC 50 value has an interdependency with concentration of ATP, especially if inhibition ...
When breathing surpasses normal ventilation rate, one has reached ventilatory threshold. For most people this threshold lies at exercise intensities between 50% and 75% of VO 2 max. A major factor affecting one's ventilatory threshold is their maximal ventilation (amount of air entering and exiting lungs).
3-dimensional [18 F]FDG-PET image with 3D ROI generated by a threshold based algorithm.The blue dot in the MIP image bottom right marks the maximum SUV within the ROI.. The standardized uptake value (SUV) is a nuclear medicine term, used in positron emission tomography (PET) as well as in modern calibrated single photon emission tomography (SPECT) imaging for a semiquantitative analysis. [1]