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Hence, GWAS is a non-candidate-driven approach, in contrast to gene-specific candidate-driven studies. GWA studies identify SNPs and other variants in DNA associated with a disease, but they cannot on their own specify which genes are causal. [1] [2] [3] The first successful GWAS published in 2002 studied myocardial infarction. [4]
In the field of genetic sequencing, genotyping by sequencing, also called GBS, is a method to discover single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in order to perform genotyping studies, such as genome-wide association studies . [1] GBS uses restriction enzymes to reduce genome complexity and genotype multiple DNA samples. [2]
The most commonly accepted threshold is p < 5 × 10 −8, which is based on performing a Bonferroni correction for all the independent common SNPs across the human genome. [1] If a p-value is found to be lower than this threshold in a genome-wide association study, the null hypothesis of no true SNP-association will typically be rejected. [2]
GWAS Central is a core component of the GEN2PHEN project and intends to provide an operational model, plus an open-source software package, so others can create similar databases across the world. These will be hosted by institutes, consortia, and even individual laboratories; providing those groups a toolkit for publicising and publishing ...
As the second largest South Asian country, and one of the major actors in the politics of the Muslim world, {close to India} ] Pakistan is a focus of multidisciplinary studies. [3] Various universities in the United States and the United Kingdom have research groups busy in academic and research related activities on Pakistan Studies.
This article lists inventions and discoveries made by scientists with Pakistani nationality within Pakistan and outside the country, post the independence of Pakistan in 1947. Chemistry Development of the world's first workable plastic magnet at room temperature by organic chemist and polymer scientist Naveed Zaidi.
Hindi has drawn increasing focus as an academic subject. [8] There is a growing trend of Hindi experts and the availability of texts in Pakistan. [8] Many Hindi instructors migrated from India, or were educated at Indian universities. [5] The Department of Hindi at the National University of Modern Languages (NUML) in Islamabad was
No immediate actions were taken at that time, though the discussion to establish the academy continues between the senior scientists and the Pakistan government. [4] After an extensive discussion took in 1948–53, the academy was established and materialized in a concession reached by the senior scientists and government, with the assistance ...