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Kramers' opacity law describes the opacity of a medium in terms of the ambient density and temperature, assuming that the opacity is dominated by bound-free absorption (the absorption of light during ionization of a bound electron) or free-free absorption (the absorption of light when scattering a free ion, also called bremsstrahlung). [1]
[2] Transparency can provide almost perfect camouflage for animals able to achieve it. This is easier in dimly-lit or turbid seawater than in good illumination. Many marine animals such as jellyfish are highly transparent. Comparisons of 1. opacity, 2. translucency, and 3. transparency; behind each panel (from top to bottom: grey, red, white ...
For a given medium at a given frequency, the opacity has a numerical value that may range between 0 and infinity, with units of length 2 /mass. Opacity in air pollution work refers to the percentage of light blocked instead of the attenuation coefficient (aka extinction coefficient) and varies from 0% light blocked to 100% light blocked:
In 1999 Lene Hau reported slowing light in a medium of ultracold sodium atoms, [11] achieving this by using quantum interference effects responsible for electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). [12] Her group performed copious research regarding EIT with Stephen E. Harris. "Using detailed numerical simulations, and analytical theory, we ...
An electromagnetic wave propagating in the +z-direction is conventionally described by the equation: (,) = [()], where E 0 is a vector in the x-y plane, with the units of an electric field (the vector is in general a complex vector, to allow for all possible polarizations and phases);
An alternative model is that at every point in each element to be combined for transparency there is an associated color and opacity between 0 and 1. For each color channel, you might work with this model: if a channel with intensity G2 and opacity T2 overlays a channel with intensity G1 and opacity T1 the result will be a channel with ...
An object's transparency is measured by its total transmittance. [2] Total transmittance is the ratio of transmitted light to the incident light. There are two influencing factors; reflection and absorption. For example: Incident light = 100% - (Absorption = -1% + Reflection = -5%) = Total Transmittance = 94%
Ringelmann smoke charts, 1897. The Ringelmann scale is a scale for measuring the apparent density or opacity of smoke. [1] [2] It was developed by a French professor of agricultural engineering Maximilien Ringelmann of La Station d'Essais de Machines in Paris, who first specified the scale in 1888.