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In telecommunications and computing, backward compatibility (or backwards compatibility) is a property of an operating system, software, real-world product, or technology that allows for interoperability with an older legacy system, or with input designed for such a system. Modifying a system in a way that does not allow backward compatibility ...
Forward compatibility. Forward compatibility or upward compatibility is a design characteristic that allows a system to accept input intended for a later version of itself. The concept can be applied to entire systems, electrical interfaces, telecommunication signals, data communication protocols, file formats, and programming languages.
Backward chaining. Backward chaining (or backward reasoning) is an inference method described colloquially as working backward from the goal. It is used in automated theorem provers, inference engines, proof assistants, and other artificial intelligence applications. [1]
A lateral during an option play. In gridiron football, a lateral pass or lateral (officially backward pass in American football and onside pass in Canadian football) occurs when the ball carrier throws the football to a teammate in a direction parallel to or away from the opponents' goal line. A lateral pass is distinguished from a forward pass ...
Reverse speech. Reverse speech is a pseudoscientific topic [1][2][3] first advocated by David John Oates which gained publicity when it was mentioned on Art Bell 's nightly Coast to Coast AM radio talk show. [4] It is based upon the theory that during spoken language production, human speakers subconsciously produce hidden messages that give ...
e. In machine learning, backpropagation is a gradient estimation method commonly used for training neural networks to compute the network parameter updates. It is an efficient application of the chain rule to neural networks. Backpropagation computes the gradient of a loss function with respect to the weights of the network for a single input ...
Retrocausality. Retrocausality, or backwards causation, is a concept of cause and effect in which an effect precedes its cause in time and so a later event affects an earlier one. [1][2] In quantum physics, the distinction between cause and effect is not made at the most fundamental level and so time-symmetric systems can be viewed as causal or ...
Reverse engineering. Reverse engineering (also known as backwards engineering or back engineering) is a process or method through which one attempts to understand through deductive reasoning how a previously made device, process, system, or piece of software accomplishes a task with very little (if any) insight into exactly how it does so.