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The fault rupture begins at the focus and then expands along the fault surface. The rupture stops where the stresses become insufficient to continue breaking the fault (because the rocks are stronger) or where the rupture enters ductile material. [8] The magnitude of an earthquake is related to the total area of its fault rupture. [8]
English: Diagram of the epicenter of an earthquake in relation to its hypocenter/focus point. Derived from original work by Sam Hocevar. Derived from original work by Sam Hocevar. Русский: Эпицентр и гипоцентр землетрясения
Schematic diagram of the trilateral measurement method. The specific method for calculating the epicenter is to take three stations as the center of the circle , and draw a circle on the map with the radius of the epicentral distance calculated by each station according to the corresponding proportion.
The Ramapo Fault System is the longest in the northeastern U.S., stretching from Pennsylvania to southeastern New York. Map of the Ramapo Fault System: Earthquake epicenter at Lebanon, NJ.
The moment tensor solution is displayed graphically using a so-called beachball diagram. The pattern of energy radiated during an earthquake with a single direction of motion on a single fault plane may be modelled as a double couple, which is described mathematically as a special case of a second order tensor (similar to those for stress and strain) known as the moment tensor.
The initial point of rupture is called the hypocenter or focus, while the ground level directly above it is the epicenter. Earthquakes are primarily caused by geological faults , but also by volcanic activity , landslides, and other seismic events.
A fault plane is the plane that represents the fracture surface of a fault. A fault trace or fault line is a place where the fault can be seen or mapped on the surface. A fault trace is also the line commonly plotted on geologic maps to represent a fault. [3] [4] A fault zone is a cluster of parallel faults.
It generally diminishes with distance from the earthquake's epicenter, but it can be amplified in sedimentary basins and in certain kinds of unconsolidated soils. Intensity scales categorize intensity empirically, based on the effects reported by untrained observers, and are adapted for the effects that might be observed in a particular region ...