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The tōyō kanji (当用漢字, lit. "general-use kanji") are those kanji listed on the Tōyō kanji hyō (当用漢字表, literally "list of general-use kanji"), which was released by the Japanese Ministry of Education (文部省) on 16 November 1946, following a reform of kanji characters of Chinese origin in the Japanese language.
The list is sorted by Japanese reading (on'yomi in katakana, then kun'yomi in hiragana), in accordance with the ordering in the official Jōyō table. This list does not include characters that were present in older versions of the list but have since been removed (勺, 銑, 脹, 錘, 匁).
The modern Japanese writing system uses a combination of logographic kanji, which are adopted Chinese characters, and syllabic kana.Kana itself consists of a pair of syllabaries: hiragana, used primarily for native or naturalized Japanese words and grammatical elements; and katakana, used primarily for foreign words and names, loanwords, onomatopoeia, scientific names, and sometimes for emphasis.
Due to the requirement that official government documents make use of only jōyō kanji and their readings, several rare characters are also included due to their use in the Constitution of Japan, which was being written at the same time the original 1,850-character tōyō kanji list was compiled. The 2,136 kanji in the jōyō kanji consist of:
The Ainu language is written in a modified version of the Japanese katakana syllabary, although it is possible for Japanese loan words and names to be written in kanji (for example, "mobile phone" can be written ケイタイデンワ or 携帯電話). There is also a Latin-based alphabet in use. The Ainu Times publishes in both.
For example, はは (haha) could be written はゝ. ゞ: 2136: 1-1-22: 309E Hiragana iteration mark with a dakuten (voiced consonant). For example, はば (haba) could be written はゞ. 〃 2137: 1-1-23: 3003: nonoten (ノノ点) Ditto mark. The name originates from resemblance to two katakana no characters (ノノ). 〱: 3031: Kana vertical ...
It is often suggested that the Japanese word arigatō derives from the Portuguese obrigado, both of which mean "Thank you", but evidence indicates arigatō has a purely Japanese origin, [22] so these two words are false cognates. Arigatō is an "u"-sound change of arigataku. [23]
Japanese punctuation marks are usually "full width" (that is, occupying an area that is the same as the surrounding characters). Punctuation was not widely used in Japanese writing until translations from European languages became common in the 19th century. [1]