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While young children display a wide distribution of reading skills, each level is tentatively associated with a school grade. Some schools adopt target reading levels for their pupils. This is the grade-level equivalence chart recommended by Fountas & Pinnell. [4] [5]
English Graded Readers: CEFR / Word Count Penguin Book Limited (UK) Ladybird Readers: Age / Lexile / Key Stage / CEFR: Macmillan Education Limited (UK) Macmillan Readers: Headwords Matatabi Press (UK-Japan) Matatabi Graded Readers: Readability (Flesch–Kincaid) / TOEIC / Grade Level / Headwords / Word Count Oxford University Press (UK) Oxford ...
A graded reader book is an "easy reading" book that supports the extensive reading approach to teaching English as a second or foreign language, and other languages.While many graded reader books are written for native speaker children, more often they are targeted at young adults and above, since children's books are already widely available and deal with topics not relevant to more mature ...
Penguin Random House Limited [3] is a British-American multinational conglomerate publishing company formed on July 1, 2013, with the merger of Penguin Books and Random House. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Penguin Books was originally founded in 1935 [ 6 ] and Random House was founded in 1927. [ 7 ]
"The Flesch–Kincaid" (F–K) reading grade level was developed under contract to the U.S. Navy in 1975 by J. Peter Kincaid and his team. [1] Related U.S. Navy research directed by Kincaid delved into high-tech education (for example, the electronic authoring and delivery of technical information), [2] usefulness of the Flesch–Kincaid readability formula, [3] computer aids for editing tests ...
The automated readability index (ARI) is a readability test for English texts, designed to gauge the understandability of a text. Like the Flesch–Kincaid grade level, Gunning fog index, SMOG index, Fry readability formula, and Coleman–Liau index, it produces an approximate representation of the US grade level needed to comprehend the text.
NAEP reading assessment results are reported as average scores on a 0–500 scale. [46] The Basic Level is 208 and the Proficient Level is 238. [47] The average reading score for grade-four public school students was 219. [48] Female students had an average score that was 7 points higher than male students.
In 1996, Penguin Books published as a paperback A Complete Annotated Listing of Penguin Classics and Twentieth-Century Classics (ISBN 0-14-771090-1). This article covers editions in the series: black label (1970s), colour-coded spines (1980s), the most recent editions (2000s), and Little Clothbound Classics Series (2020s).