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A micrograph of the corner of the photosensor array of a webcam digital camera Image sensor (upper left) on the motherboard of a Nikon Coolpix L2 6 MP. The two main types of digital image sensors are the charge-coupled device (CCD) and the active-pixel sensor (CMOS sensor), fabricated in complementary MOS (CMOS) or N-type MOS (NMOS or Live MOS) technologies.
An active-pixel sensor (APS) is an image sensor, which was invented by Peter J.W. Noble in 1968, where each pixel sensor unit cell has a photodetector (typically a pinned photodiode) and one or more active transistors. [1] [2] In a metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) active-pixel sensor, MOS field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) are used as ...
In a CCD image sensor, pixels are represented by p-doped metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) capacitors.These MOS capacitors, the basic building blocks of a CCD, [1] are biased above the threshold for inversion when image acquisition begins, allowing the conversion of incoming photons into electron charges at the semiconductor-oxide interface; the CCD is then used to read out these charges.
An oversampled binary image sensor is an image sensor with non-linear response capabilities reminiscent of traditional photographic film. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Each pixel in the sensor has a binary response, giving only a one-bit quantized measurement of the local light intensity.
The image sensor format of a digital camera determines the angle of view of a particular lens when used with a particular sensor. Because the image sensors in many digital cameras are smaller than the 24 mm × 36 mm image area of full-frame 35 mm cameras, a lens of a given focal length gives a narrower field of view in such cameras. Sensor size ...
To help extend the exposure range, some smaller sensor cameras will also incorporate an ND filter pack into the aperture mechanism. [46] The apertures that smaller sensor cameras have available give much more depth of field than equivalent angles of view on a DSLR. For example, a 6 mm lens on a 2/3″ sensor digicam has a field of view similar ...
Nikon EXPEED, a system on a chip including an image processor, video processor, digital signal processor (DSP) and a 32-bit microcontroller controlling the chip. An image processor, also known as an image processing engine, image processing unit (IPU), or image signal processor (ISP), is a type of media processor or specialized digital signal processor (DSP) used for image processing, in ...
The only way in practice to approach the theoretical sharpness possible in a digital imaging system such as a camera is to use more pixels in the camera sensor than samples in the final image, and 'downconvert' or 'interpolate' using special digital processing which cuts off high frequencies above the Nyquist rate to avoid aliasing whilst ...