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Phages may be released via cell lysis, by extrusion, or, in a few cases, by budding. Lysis, by tailed phages, is achieved by an enzyme called endolysin, which attacks and breaks down the cell wall peptidoglycan. An altogether different phage type, the filamentous phage, makes the host cell continually secrete new virus particles. Released ...
Even engineered phages and induced artificial internalization of phages into mammalian cells do not result in phage propagation. [115] Natural transcytosis of unmodified phages, that is, uptake and internal transport to the other side of a cell, which was observed in human epithelial cells, did not result in phage propagation or cell damage. [116]
Bacterial resistance to phages puts pressure on the phages to develop stronger effects on the bacteria. The Red Queen hypothesis describes this relationship, as the organisms must constantly adapt and evolve in order to survive. [15] This relationship is important to understand as phages are now being used for more practical and medicinal purposes.
Temperate phages (such as lambda phage) can reproduce using both the lytic and the lysogenic cycle. [4] How a phage decides which cycle to enter depends on a variety of factors. [5] For instance, if there are several other infecting phages (or if there is a high multiplicity), it is likely that the phage will use the lysogenic cycle.
A lysogen or lysogenic bacteria is a bacterial cell that can produce and transfer the ability to produce a phage. [1] A prophage is either integrated into the host bacteria's chromosome or more rarely exists as a stable plasmid within the host cell.
For example, they are important as antigen presenters to T cells. In humans, dysfunctional macrophages cause severe diseases such as chronic granulomatous disease that result in frequent infections. Beyond increasing inflammation and stimulating the immune system, macrophages also play an important anti-inflammatory role and can decrease immune ...
The tail of lambda phages is made of at least 6 proteins (H, J, U, V, Stf, Tfa) and requires 7 more for assembly (I, K, L, M, Z, G/T). This assembly process begins with protein J, which then recruits proteins I, L, K, and G/T to add protein H. Once G and G/T leave the complex, protein V can assemble onto the J/H scaffold.
Marine bacteriophages play an important role in deep sea ecosystems. There are between 5x10 12 and 1x10 13 phages per square metre in deep sea sediments and their abundance closely correlates with the number of prokaryotes found in the sediments.