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(Hemodynamics is the study of blood flow and of the laws that govern the circulation of blood in the blood vessels.) [5] It follows that the examiner's knowledge of venous hemodynamics is crucial, which can be a real barrier to a radiologist, untrained in this field, who might wish to carry out these examinations.
Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a medical condition characterized by blood pooling in the veins, leading to increased pressure and strain on the vein walls. [1] The most common cause of CVI is superficial venous reflux, which often results in the formation of varicose veins, a treatable condition. [2]
Peripheral veinous disease, on the other hand, refers to problems with veins—the vessels that bring the blood back to the heart. [ 18 ] The classic symptom is leg pain when walking, which resolves with rest and is known as intermittent claudication . [ 2 ]
Buerger's disease – inflammation and swelling in small blood vessels, causing the vessels to narrow or become blocked by blood clots. [18] Raynaud syndrome – a peripheral vascular disorder that causes constriction of the peripheral blood vessels in the fingers and toes when a person is cold or experiencing stress. [19]
Venous ulcer is defined by the American Venous Forum as "a full-thickness defect of skin, most frequently in the ankle region, that fails to heal spontaneously and is sustained by chronic venous disease, based on venous duplex ultrasound testing."
Smaller arteries carry blood supply from the popliteal artery to the calf and into the foot. [4] Blockages caused by plaque build-up or atherosclerosis in any of these arteries can reduce leg blood circulation, causing leg pain that may interfere with daily life. [4] Standard popliteal bypass surgery involves the bypass of the popliteal artery. [5]