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In an aqueous solution, precipitation is the "sedimentation of a solid material (a precipitate) from a liquid solution". [1] [2] The solid formed is called the precipitate. [3] In case of an inorganic chemical reaction leading to precipitation, the chemical reagent causing the solid to form is called the precipitant. [4]
The precipitation patterns are forming as a reaction of two electrolytes: a highly concentrated "outer" one diffuses into a hydrogel, while the "inner" one is dissolved in the gel itself. The colloidal precipitate which builds up the patterns is trapped by the gel and kept at the location where it is formed, [1] similar to Liesegang rings.
The production of precipitated silica starts with the reaction of a basic silicate solution with a mineral acid. Sulfuric acid and sodium silicate solutions are added simultaneously with agitation to water. Precipitation is carried out under acidic or basic conditions.
Ammonium sulfate is an inorganic salt with a high solubility that disassociates into ammonium (NH + 4) and sulfate (SO 2− 4) in aqueous solutions. [1] Ammonium sulfate is especially useful as a precipitant because it is highly soluble, stabilizes protein structure, has a relatively low density, is readily available, and is relatively inexpensive.
Golden rain demonstration is made by combining two colorless solutions, potassium iodide solution and Lead(II) nitrate solution at room temperature to form yellow precipitate. During the chemical reaction, golden particles gently drop from the top of Erlenmeyer flask to the bottom, similar to watching the rain through a window.
In chemistry, coprecipitation (CPT) or co-precipitation is the carrying down by a precipitate of substances normally soluble under the conditions employed. [1] Analogously, in medicine, coprecipitation (referred to as immunoprecipitation) is specifically "an assay designed to purify a single antigen from a complex mixture using a specific antibody attached to a beaded support".
If the substance lacks the ability to dissolve in water, the molecules form a precipitate. [3] When writing the equations of precipitation reactions, it is essential to determine the precipitate. To determine the precipitate, one must consult a chart of solubility. Soluble compounds are aqueous, while insoluble compounds are the precipitate.
However, solvation by ions in an electrolytic solution or water will decrease protein–protein attractive forces. Therefore, to precipitate or induce accumulation of proteins, the hydration layer around the protein should be reduced. The purpose of the added reagents in protein precipitation is to reduce the hydration layer.