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The multipliers showed that any form of increased government spending would have more of a multiplier effect than any form of tax cuts. The most effective policy, a temporary increase in food stamps, had an estimated multiplier of 1.73. The lowest multiplier for a spending increase was general aid to state governments, 1.36.
In macroeconomics, a multiplier is a factor of proportionality that measures how much an endogenous variable changes in response to a change in some exogenous variable. For example, suppose variable x changes by k units, which causes another variable y to change by M × k units.
In economics, the consumption function describes a relationship between consumption and disposable income. [1] [2] The concept is believed to have been introduced into macroeconomics by John Maynard Keynes in 1936, who used it to develop the notion of a government spending multiplier. [3]
The multiplier–accelerator model can be stated for a closed economy as follows: [3] First, the market-clearing level of economic activity is defined as that at which production exactly matches the total of government spending intentions, households' consumption intentions and firms' investing intentions.
Where = is the Keynesian spending multiplier. For every A E 0 {\displaystyle AE_{0}} dollars injected into the economy, income increases by k > 1 {\displaystyle k>1} times that amount. If b = 1 {\displaystyle b=1} , the spending multiplier, and hence the equilibrium condition becomes undefined via division by zero.
The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money is a book by English economist John Maynard Keynes published in February 1936. It caused a profound shift in economic thought, [1] giving macroeconomics a central place in economic theory and contributing much of its terminology [2] – the "Keynesian Revolution".
Keynesian economics developed during and after the Great Depression from the ideas presented by Keynes in his 1936 book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. [5] Keynes' approach was a stark contrast to the aggregate supply-focused classical economics that preceded his book.
The simplistic multiplier that is the reciprocal of the marginal propensity to save is a special case used for illustrative purposes only. The multiplier applies to any change in autonomous expenditure , in other words, an externally induced change in consumption , investment, government expenditure or net exports .