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Minecraft: 2011 Mojang: 3D world primarily made of cube blocks. [31] Effectively infinite. [32] Minecraft Dungeons: 2020: Mojang: Randomly-generated 3D dungeons filled with monsters, traps and puzzles, and treasures. [33] [34] Mini Metro: 2015 Dinosaur Polo Club Abstract 2D levels and audio system. [35] No Man's Sky: 2016 Hello Games
[26] [27] In C++, an abstract class is a class having at least one abstract method given by the appropriate syntax in that language (a pure virtual function in C++ parlance). [25] A class consisting of only pure virtual methods is called a pure abstract base class (or pure ABC) in C++ and is also known as an interface by users of the language. [13]
Abstract data type for an abstract description of a set of data; Algorithm for an abstract description of a computational procedure; Bracket abstraction for making a term into a function of a variable; Data modeling for structuring data independent of the processes that use it; Encapsulation for abstractions that hide implementation details
This insulates client code from object creation by having clients request that a factory object create an object of the desired abstract type and return an abstract pointer to the object. [5] An example is an abstract factory class DocumentCreator that provides interfaces to create a number of products (e.g., createLetter() and createResume()).
The bridge pattern is useful when both the class and what it does vary often. The class itself can be thought of as the abstraction and what the class can do as the implementation. The bridge pattern can also be thought of as two layers of abstraction. When there is only one fixed implementation, this pattern is known as the Pimpl idiom in the ...
The C++ examples in this section demonstrate the principle of using composition and interfaces to achieve code reuse and polymorphism. Due to the C++ language not having a dedicated keyword to declare interfaces, the following C++ example uses inheritance from a pure abstract base class .
Even though C++ popularized the concept of smart pointers, especially the reference-counted variety, [3] the immediate predecessor of one of the languages that inspired C++'s design had reference-counted references built into the language. C++ was inspired in part by Simula67. [4] Simula67's ancestor was Simula I.
In computing, an abstraction layer or abstraction level is a way of hiding the working details of a subsystem. Examples of software models that use layers of abstraction include the OSI model for network protocols, OpenGL, and other graphics libraries, which allow the separation of concerns to facilitate interoperability and platform independence.