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Tramadol, sold under the brand name Ultram among others, [1] is an opioid pain medication and a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) used to treat moderately severe pain. [ 12 ] [ 16 ] When taken by mouth in an immediate-release formulation, the onset of pain relief usually begins within an hour. [ 12 ]
Bradycardia; Hypertension (high blood pressure); Allergic reactions (e.g. dyspnoea (shortness of breath), bronchospasm, wheezing, angioneurotic oedema) Anaphylaxis; Changes in appetite
Tramadol/paracetamol, also known as tramadol/acetaminophen and sold under the brand name Ultracet among others, is a fixed-dose combination medication used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. [3] [4] It contains tramadol, as the hydrochloride, an analgesic; and paracetamol an analgesic. [3] [4] It is taken by mouth. [3] [4]
PO: oral • IV: intravenous injection • IM: intramuscular injection • SC: subcutaneous injection • SL: sublingual • TD: transdermal "Strength" is defined as analgesic potency relative to oral morphine. Tolerance, sensitization, cross-tolerance, metabolism, and hyperalgesia may be complex factors in some individuals.
"Pain ladder", or analgesic ladder, was created by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a guideline for the use of drugs in the management of pain. Originally published in 1986 for the management of cancer pain , it is now widely used by medical professionals for the management of all types of pain .
Intrathecal administration is a route of administration for drugs via an injection into the spinal canal, or into the subarachnoid space so that it reaches the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It is useful in several applications, such as for spinal anesthesia, chemotherapy, or pain management. This route is also used to introduce drugs that fight ...
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The guidelines also recommend monitoring not only the pain but also the level of functioning and the achievement of therapeutic goals. The prescribing physician should be suspicious of abuse when a patient reports a reduction in pain but has no accompanying improvement in function or progress in achieving identified goals. [70]