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Robert Selman developed his developmental theory of role-taking ability based on four sources. [4] The first is the work of M. H. Feffer (1959, 1971), [5] [6] and Feffer and Gourevitch (1960), [7] which related role-taking ability to Piaget's theory of social decentering, and developed a projective test to assess children's ability to decenter as they mature. [4]
Human-centered systems can be referred to in terms of human-centered automation. According to Kling et al., HCS refers to "systems that are: based on the analysis of the human tasks the system is aiding; monitored for performance in terms of human benefits; built to take account of human skills and; adaptable easily to changing human needs." [7]
In this usage, "human computer" refers to activities of humans in the context of human-based computation (HBC). This use of "human computer" is debatable for the following reason: HBC is a computational technique where a machine outsources certain parts of a task to humans to perform, which are not necessarily algorithmic.
Computation is commonly understood in terms of Turing machines which manipulate symbols according to a rule, in combination with the internal state of the machine. The critical aspect of such a computational model is that we can abstract away from particular physical details of the machine that is implementing the computation. [ 5 ]
For example, Latour (1992) [2] argues that instead of worrying whether we are making anthropomorphological the technology, and we should embrace it as inherently anthropomorphic as technology is after all made by humans, and substitutes for the actions of humans, and therefore shapes the human action.
Human-based computation (apart from the historical meaning of "computer") research has its origins in the early work on interactive evolutionary computation (EC). [9] The idea behind interactive evolutionary algorithms has been attributed to Richard Dawkins; in the Biomorphs software accompanying his book The Blind Watchmaker (Dawkins, 1986) [10] the preference of a human experimenter is used ...
The theory is based on the idea that humans process the information they receive, rather than merely responding to stimuli. This perspective uses an analogy to consider how the mind works like a computer. In this way, the mind functions like a biological computer responsible for analyzing information from the environment.
Picard's focus is human–computer interaction, and her goal for affective computing is to "give computers the ability to recognize, express, and in some cases, 'have' emotions". [4] In contrast, the interactional approach seeks to help "people to understand and experience their own emotions" [ 62 ] and to improve computer-mediated ...