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The venturi mask, also known as an air-entrainment mask, is a medical device to deliver a known oxygen concentration to patients on controlled oxygen therapy. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The mask was invented by Moran Campbell at McMaster University Medical School as a replacement for intermittent oxygen treatment.
A high flow oxygen device is a supplementary oxygen delivery system with relatively high flow rates of a consistent mixture. An example is the venturi mask. [37] Hudson mask A Hudson mask is a type of simple oxygen mask humidifier A humidifier is a device for conditioning breathing gas by adding water vapour. hyperbaric hyperbaric environment
It can provide oxygen at low flow rates, 1–6 litres per minute (LPM), delivering an oxygen concentration of 24–40%. [68] There are also a number of face mask options, such as the simple face mask, often used at between 5 and 10 LPM, capable of delivering oxygen concentrations between 35% and 55%. [68]
The simple face mask can deliver higher flow rates than nasal cannula (6–10 liters per minute) for an FiO2 of 30- 60% oxygen. [1] Nasal cannula and simple face masks are described as low flow delivery systems. [2] [3] Unlike the non-rebreather and partial rebreather masks, the simple face mask lacks a reservoir bag.
A flow of air through a pitot tube Venturi meter, showing the columns connected in a manometer and partially filled with water. The meter is "read" as a differential pressure head in cm or inches of water. Video of a Venturi meter used in a lab experiment Idealized flow in a Venturi tube
Both types of mask masks use a reservoir bag which can economise on oxygen consumption when the flow rate is set correctly for the current breathing rate by ensuring that the reservoir bag fully deflates at the end of inhalation and fully inflates by the end of exhalation. Some field user maintenance is possible using the spare parts kit.
The normal relaxed state of the lung and chest is partially empty. Further exhalation requires muscular work. Inhalation is an active process requiring work. [4] Some of this work is to overcome frictional resistance to flow, and part is used to deform elastic tissues, and is stored as potential energy, which is recovered during the passive process of exhalation, Tidal breathing is breathing ...
The upstream volumetric flow rate is lower than the downstream condition because of the higher upstream density. The choked velocity is a function of the upstream pressure but not the downstream. Although the velocity is constant, the mass flow rate is dependent on the density of the upstream gas, which is a function of the upstream pressure.