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[17] [6] [18] Differences in kidney structure are the result of adaptations during evolution to variations in body mass and habitats (in particular, aridity) between species. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 12 ] The cortex and medulla of the kidney contain nephrons , [ 21 ] each of which consists of a glomerulus and a complex tubular system. [ 22 ]
Metanephric adenoma (MA) is a rare, benign tumour of the kidney, that can have a microscopic appearance similar to a nephroblastoma (Wilms tumours), [1] or a papillary renal cell carcinoma. It should not be confused with the pathologically unrelated, yet similar sounding, mesonephric adenoma .
The mesonephric duct, also known as the Wolffian duct, archinephric duct, Leydig's duct or nephric duct, is a paired organ that develops in the early stages of embryonic development in humans and other mammals. It is an important structure that plays a critical role in the formation of male reproductive organs.
The ureteric bud, also known as the metanephric diverticulum, [1]: 50 is a protrusion from the mesonephric duct during the development of the urinary and reproductive organs. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It later develops into a conduit for urine drainage from the kidneys, which, in contrast, originate from the metanephric blastema .
The collecting duct system of the kidney consists of a series of tubules and ducts that physically connect nephrons to a minor calyx or directly to the renal pelvis. The collecting duct participates in electrolyte and fluid balance through reabsorption and excretion , processes regulated by the hormones aldosterone and vasopressin (antidiuretic ...
Each metanephric kidney is characterized by a large number of nephrons and a highly branched system of collecting tubules and ducts, [28] that open into the ureter. [48] Such branching in the metanephros is unique in relation to the pronephros and mesonephros. [ 44 ]
The mechanism of multicystic dysplastic kidney is a result of an abnormal induction of metanephric mesenchyme. This could be a result of a formation difficulty of the mesonephric duct . Some mutations in genes associated with renal dysplasia (in syndromes) have been determined.
Thyroidectomy is the removal of all or part of the thyroid gland. Tonsillectomy is the removal of the tonsils. Trabeculectomy is the removal of part of the eye's trabecular meshwork as a treatment for glaucoma. Tumorectomy is the surgical removal of a tumor. Turbinectomy is the removal of the turbinate bones in the nasal passage.