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  2. List of trigonometric identities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trigonometric...

    Ptolemy's theorem states that the sum of the products of the lengths of opposite sides is equal to the product of the lengths of the diagonals. When those side-lengths are expressed in terms of the sin and cos values shown in the figure above, this yields the angle sum trigonometric identity for sine: sin(α + β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β.

  3. Sine and cosine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_and_cosine

    In mathematics, sine and cosine are trigonometric functions of an angle.The sine and cosine of an acute angle are defined in the context of a right triangle: for the specified angle, its sine is the ratio of the length of the side opposite that angle to the length of the longest side of the triangle (the hypotenuse), and the cosine is the ratio of the length of the adjacent leg to that of the ...

  4. Trigonometric functions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions

    The sine and the cosine functions, for example, are used to describe simple harmonic motion, which models many natural phenomena, such as the movement of a mass attached to a spring and, for small angles, the pendular motion of a mass hanging by a string. The sine and cosine functions are one-dimensional projections of uniform circular motion.

  5. Exact trigonometric values - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exact_trigonometric_values

    In contrast, by the Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem, the sine or cosine of any non-zero algebraic number is always transcendental. [4] The real part of any root of unity is a trigonometric number. By Niven's theorem, the only rational trigonometric numbers are 0, 1, −1, 1/2, and −1/2. [5]

  6. Trigonometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometry

    With these functions, one can answer virtually all questions about arbitrary triangles by using the law of sines and the law of cosines. [33] These laws can be used to compute the remaining angles and sides of any triangle as soon as two sides and their included angle or two angles and a side or three sides are known.

  7. Proofs of trigonometric identities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proofs_of_trigonometric...

    For the sine function, we can handle other values. If θ > π /2, then θ > 1. But sin θ ≤ 1 (because of the Pythagorean identity), so sin θ < θ. So we have ⁡ < <. For negative values of θ we have, by the symmetry of the sine function

  8. Mnemonics in trigonometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonics_in_trigonometry

    Signs of trigonometric functions in each quadrant. All Students Take Calculus is a mnemonic for the sign of each trigonometric functions in each quadrant of the plane. The letters ASTC signify which of the trigonometric functions are positive, starting in the top right 1st quadrant and moving counterclockwise through quadrants 2 to 4.

  9. Tangent half-angle substitution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangent_half-angle...

    The tangent half-angle substitution relates an angle to the slope of a line. Introducing a new variable = ⁡, sines and cosines can be expressed as rational functions of , and can be expressed as the product of and a rational function of , as follows: ⁡ = +, ⁡ = +, = +.