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Alpha 2 receptors are associated with sympatholytic properties. Alpha-adrenergic agonists have the opposite function of alpha blockers . Alpha adrenoreceptor ligands mimic the action of epinephrine and norepinephrine signaling in the heart, smooth muscle and central nervous system, with norepinephrine being the highest affinity.
The mechanisms of sympathomimetic drugs can be direct-acting (direct interaction between drug and receptor), such as α-adrenergic agonists, β-adrenergic agonists, and dopaminergic agonists; or indirect-acting (interaction not between drug and receptor), such as MAOIs, COMT inhibitors, release stimulants, and reuptake inhibitors that increase the levels of endogenous catecholamines.
It is used as eye drops or applied to the skin. [4] [5] It is also available in the fixed-dose combination medication brimonidine/timolol along with timolol maleate. [6] Common side effects when used in the eyes include itchiness, redness, and a dry mouth. [4] Common side effects when used on the skin include redness, burning, and headaches. [5]
It is an α 2 adrenergic receptor agonist and a weak α 1 adrenergic receptor agonist. [ citation needed ] Topical apraclonidine is administered at a concentration of 1% for the prevention and treatment of post-surgical intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation and 0.5% for short-term adjunctive therapy in patients on maximally tolerated medical ...
Side effects of dipivefrine include local eye reactions among others. Dipivefrine is a prodrug of epinephrine (adrenaline) and hence acts as a non-selective adrenergic receptor agonist . [ 5 ] It is a substituted phenethylamine and catecholamine and is an ester of epinephrine with much greater fat solubility .
After being hydrolysed to epinine, ibopamine is able to stimulate the alpha-adrenergic and D1 dopaminergic receptors, thereby exhibiting mydriatic effects. [11] In some randomized clinical trials, the D1 dopaminergic activity of ibopamine led to an increased production of aqueous humour and intraocular pressure (IOP) in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients.
Naphazoline is a medicine used as a decongestant, and a vasoconstrictor added to eye drops to relieve red eye. It has a rapid action in reducing swelling when applied to mucous membranes . It is a sympathomimetic agent with marked alpha adrenergic activity that acts on alpha-receptors in the arterioles of the conjunctiva to produce constriction ...
Xylometazoline is in the decongestant and alpha-adrenergic agonist families of medication. [5] [6] One study classified it with selectivity ratios in alpha 2 adrenergic receptors of 151 for a2A vs a2B, 4.5 a2A vs a2C, and 33.9 a2B vs a2C. Making it a highly selective a2A agonist. [7] Xylometazoline was patented in 1956 and came into medical use ...