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A fish's hypoxia tolerance can be represented in different ways. A commonly used representation is the critical O 2 tension (P crit), which is the lowest water O 2 tension (P O 2) at which a fish can maintain a stable O 2 consumption rate (M O 2). [2]
In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not clear, and the terms anterior or proximal intestine may be used instead of duodenum. [21] The small intestine is found in all teleosts, although its form and length vary enormously between species. In teleosts, it is relatively short, typically around one and a half times the length of the ...
By definition, modes of action are characterized by FATS because the combination of common responses that represent each fish acute toxicity syndrome characterize an adverse biological effect. [1] Therefore, toxicants that have the same mode of action elicit similar sets of responses in the organism and can be classified by the same fish acute ...
All fish species have a preferred temperature above and below which that fish will experience negative health effects and eventually death. Warm water species such as Tilapia and Barramundi prefer 24 °C water or warmer, where as cold water species such as trout and salmon prefer water temperature below 16 °C.
An adrenergic agonist is a drug that stimulates a response from the adrenergic receptors.The five main categories of adrenergic receptors are: α 1, α 2, β 1, β 2, and β 3, although there are more subtypes, and agonists vary in specificity between these receptors, and may be classified respectively.
For instance, in Salmoniformes, the need to collect the eggs by stripping is a serious limitation, while the time of ovulation must be predicted with accuracy, as over-ripening may take place in minutes or hours after ovulation. [7] Therefore, control of broodstock reproductive is essential for the sustainability of commercial aquaculture ...
They are often used as coenzymes or interact with biological enzymes to form complexes inside organisms. [6] However, if the metals in question are in too high of concentrations it can be fatal. Different parameters such as pH, alkalinity, temperature, fish size, or salinity can alter how the metals interact or are metabolized by the organism. [6]
The effect of this is that the blood flowing in the capillaries always encounters water with a higher oxygen concentration, allowing diffusion to occur all the way along the lamellae. As a result the gills can extract over 80% of the oxygen available in the water. Marine teleosts also use their gills to excrete osmolytes (e.g. Na⁺, Cl −).