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Each bank face had a oven door sill level platform for holding and cooling coke, above a RR track for shipping it. [4] Beehive coke ovens were batch processors. Given a hot oven, the coking cycle begins by adding coal from the top and leveling it to produce an even layer of about 60–90 centimetres (24–35 in) deep.
A coke oven at a smokeless fuel plant, Abercwmboi, South Wales, 1976. The industrial production of coke from coal is called coking. The coal is baked in an airless kiln, a "coke furnace" or "coking oven", at temperatures as high as 2,000 °C (3,600 °F) but usually around 1,000–1,100 °C (1,800–2,000 °F). [2]
Gas emission. Coke oven interior: detail (1942, USA). The coke oven is the central element of a coking plant. Horizontal ovens, which are the most commonly used (they are suitable for monitoring the various extraction stages), take the form of narrow compartments (approx. 50 cm wide), but several meters high and several meters deep.
The Cherry Valley Coke Ovens consisted of 200 coke ovens built by the Leetonia Iron and Coal Company around 1866, near Leetonia, Ohio, United States. The function of the "beehive" coke ovens was to purify coal and turn it into coke. The coke was burned in furnaces that produced iron and steel.
They were operated by a work force that accounted for 10% of all Colorado's workers at the time. Coking workers were predominantly immigrants from Eastern Europe, whom the company had recruited from the East. Another mine was opened in Placita, to the south, and by 1902, the ovens had produced almost 5.7 million tons (5.2 million tonnes) of coke.
In 1916, U.S. Steel opened its Clairton Coke Works, a $18,000,000 by-product plant. [7] It was the first full by-product plant in the region and easily the largest in the United States with 1,500 ovens. [8] [9] The plant grew rapidly, adding hundreds more coke ovens built by Koppers.
The Dunlap coke ovens are the remnants of a coke production facility near Dunlap, in the U.S. state of Tennessee. Built in the early 1900s, the facility consists of five batteries of 268 beehive ovens , which operated under various companies until the early 1920s. [ 1 ]
The Klondyke Coke Ovens are typical, in scale and type, of coking ovens that were common in the 19th century to the mid 20th century. They exhibit the principal characteristics of beehive coke ovens being dome shaped with individual flues and built in a row in a back-to-back pattern.