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For example, the twin operation may be reflection across a plane that is not a symmetry plane of the single crystal. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] On the microscopic level, the twin boundary is characterized by a set of atomic positions in the crystal lattice that are shared between the two orientations.
An example is the Stone Wales defect in nanotubes, which consists of two adjacent 5-membered and two 7-membered atom rings. Schematic illustration of defects in a compound solid, using GaAs as an example. Amorphous solids may contain defects. These are naturally somewhat hard to define, but sometimes their nature can be quite easily understood.
The Louvain method for community detection is a greedy optimization method intended to extract non-overlapping communities from large networks created by Blondel et al. [ 1 ] from the University of Louvain (the source of this method's name).
Although the quadratic method describes the energy distribution of a signal in the joint time frequency domain, which is useful for analysis, classification, and detection of signal features, phase information is lost in the quadratic time-frequency representation; also, the time histories cannot be reconstructed with this method.
DFT affects and depends on the methods used for test development, test application, and diagnostics. Most tool-supported DFT practiced in the industry today, at least for digital circuits, is predicated on a Structural test paradigm. Structural test makes no direct attempt to determine if the overall functionality of the circuit is correct.
The material point method (MPM) is a numerical technique used to simulate the behavior of solids, liquids, gases, and any other continuum material. Especially, it is a robust spatial discretization method for simulating multi-phase (solid-fluid-gas) interactions.
The hybrid Trefftz finite-element method has been considerably advanced since its introduction by J. Jiroušek in the late 1970s. [1] The conventional method of finite element analysis involves converting the differential equation that governs the problem into a variational functional from which element nodal properties – known as field variables – can be found.
Variations in the electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability of the test object, and the presence of defects causes a change in eddy current and a corresponding change in phase and amplitude that can be detected by measuring the impedance changes in the coil, which is a telltale sign of the presence of defects. [5]