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The radar horizon with an antenna height of 75 feet (23 m) over the ocean is 10-mile (16 km). However, since the pressure and water vapor content of the atmosphere varies with height, the path used by the radar beam is refracted by the change in density. With a standard atmosphere, electromagnetic waves are generally bent or refracted downward.
The frequency of radio waves used by most radars, in the form of microwaves, propagate in straight lines.This generally limits the detection range of radar systems to objects on their horizon (generally referred to as "line of sight" since the aircraft must be at least theoretically visible to a person at the location and elevation of the radar transmitter) due to the curvature of the Earth.
The AN/SPY-1 [a] is a United States Navy passive electronically scanned array (PESA) 3D radar system manufactured by Lockheed Martin, and is a key component of the Aegis Combat System. The system is computer controlled and uses four complementary antennas to provide 360-degree coverage.
JLG-43 Radar height finding radar; ... Over the horizon radar; Dnestr "Hen House", ... AN/SPG-35 Tracking radar for Mark 56 Gun Fire Control System.
Eglin AFB Site C-6 is a United States Space Force radar station which houses the AN/FPS-85 phased array radar, associated computer processing system(s), and radar control equipment designed and constructed for the U.S. Air Force by the Bendix Communications Division, Bendix Corporation.
However, since humans reflect far less radar energy than metal does, these systems require sophisticated technology to isolate human targets and moreover to process any sort of detailed image. Through-the-wall radars can be made with Ultra Wideband impulse radar, micro- Doppler radar , and synthetic aperture radar (SAR).
The Jindalee Operational Radar Network (JORN) is an over-the-horizon radar (OHR) network operated by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) that can monitor air and sea movements across 37,000 square kilometres (14,000 sq mi). [citation needed] It has a normal operating range of 1,000–3,000 kilometres (620–1,860 mi). [1]
An over-the-horizon radar sited in the USSR would help solve this problem, and work on such a system for this associated role started in the late 1960s. The first experimental system, Duga, was built outside Mykolaiv in Ukraine , successfully detecting rocket launches from Baikonur Cosmodrome at 2,500 kilometres (1,600 mi).