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In proof by exhaustion, the conclusion is established by dividing it into a finite number of cases and proving each one separately. The number of cases sometimes can become very large. For example, the first proof of the four color theorem was a proof by exhaustion with 1,936 cases. This proof was controversial because the majority of the cases ...
Fermat's little theorem and some proofs; Gödel's completeness theorem and its original proof; Mathematical induction and a proof; Proof that 0.999... equals 1; Proof that 22/7 exceeds π; Proof that e is irrational; Proof that π is irrational; Proof that the sum of the reciprocals of the primes diverges
Euclid's proof of the fundamental theorem of arithmetic is a simple proof which uses a minimal counterexample. [5] [6] Courant and Robbins used the term minimal criminal for a minimal counter-example in the context of the four color theorem. [7]
In this example, although S(k) also holds for {,,,,}, the above proof cannot be modified to replace the minimum amount of 12 dollar to any lower value m. For m = 11 , the base case is actually false; for m = 10 , the second case in the induction step (replacing three 5- by four 4-dollar coins) will not work; let alone for even lower m .
In mathematics and logic, a direct proof is a way of showing the truth or falsehood of a given statement by a straightforward combination of established facts, usually axioms, existing lemmas and theorems, without making any further assumptions. [1]
The resulting identity is one of the most commonly used in mathematics. Among many uses, it gives a simple proof of the AM–GM inequality in two variables. The proof holds in any commutative ring. Conversely, if this identity holds in a ring R for all pairs of elements a and b, then R is commutative. To see this, apply the distributive law to ...
Classification of finite simple groups (group theory) Classification of Platonic solids ; Clausius theorem ; Clifford's circle theorems (Euclidean plane geometry) Clifford's theorem on special divisors (algebraic curves) Closed graph theorem (functional analysis) Closed range theorem (functional analysis)
If D is a simple type of region with its boundary consisting of the curves C 1, C 2, C 3, C 4, half of Green's theorem can be demonstrated. The following is a proof of half of the theorem for the simplified area D, a type I region where C 1 and C 3 are curves connected by vertical lines