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In the near-infrared range liquid water has absorption bands around 1950 nm (5128 cm −1), 1450 nm (6896 cm −1), 1200 nm (8333 cm −1) and 970 nm, (10300 cm −1). [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 15 ] The regions between these bands can be used in near-infrared spectroscopy to measure the spectra of aqueous solutions, with the advantage that glass is ...
The effect of frequency dispersion is that the waves travel as a function of wavelength, so that spatial and temporal phase properties of the propagating wave are constantly changing. For example, under the action of gravity, water waves with a longer wavelength travel faster than those with a shorter wavelength.
Several aquatic bird species have been observed to react to underwater sound in the 1–4 kHz range, [49] which follows the frequency range of best hearing sensitivities of birds in air. Seaducks and cormorants have been trained to respond to sounds of 1–4 kHz with lowest hearing threshold (highest sensitivity) of 71 dB re 1 μPa [ 50 ...
An acoustic wave is a mechanical wave that transmits energy through the movements of atoms and molecules. Acoustic waves transmit through fluids in a longitudinal manner (movement of particles are parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave); in contrast to electromagnetic waves that transmit in transverse manner (movement of particles at a right angle to the direction of propagation ...
The IEEE K-band is a portion of the radio spectrum in the microwave range of frequencies from 18 to 27 gigahertz (GHz). The range of frequencies in the center of the K-band between 18 and 26.5 GHz are absorbed by water vapor in the atmosphere due to its resonance peak at 22.24 GHz, 1.35 cm (0.53 in).
ELF waves have extremely low attenuation of 1–2 dB per 1,000 km (620 mi), [18] [19] giving a single transmitter the potential to communicate worldwide. ELF waves can also travel considerable distances through "lossy" media like earth and seawater, which would absorb or reflect higher-frequency radio waves.
Millimeter waves are used for military fire-control radar, airport security scanners, short range wireless networks, and scientific research. In a major new application of millimeter waves, certain frequency ranges near the bottom of the band are being used in the newest generation of cell phone networks, 5G networks. [ 3 ]
Surface waves span a wide frequency range, and the period of waves that are most damaging is usually 10 seconds or longer. Surface waves can travel around the globe many times from the largest earthquakes. Surface waves are caused when P waves and S waves come to the surface. Examples are the waves at the surface of water and air (ocean surface ...