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Italian verbs have three additional forms, known as nominal forms, because they can be used as nouns or adjectives, rather than as verbs. the past participle (participio passato) has been discussed above; the present participle (participio presente) is used as an adjective or a noun describing someone who is busy doing something.
passato prossimo: ho fatto: I have done I did Recent pluperfect: trapassato prossimo: avevo fatto: I had done [verbs 3] Remote pluperfect: trapassato remoto: ebbi fatto: I had done [verbs 3] Future perfect: futuro anteriore: avrò fatto: I will have done I may have done Present continuous: presente progressivo: sto facendo: I am doing [verbs 1 ...
Passato prossimo (Recent past) io ho mangiato "I ate", "I have eaten" merges perfective and perfect Imperfetto (Imperfect) io mangiavo "I was eating", "I usually ate" merges habitual and progressive aspects Trapassato prossimo (Recent pluperfect) io avevo mangiato "I had eaten" tense, not ordinarily marked for aspect Passato remoto (Far past)
Analogous forms are found in some other languages, and they may also be described as present perfect; they often have other names such as the German Perfekt, the French passé composé and the Italian passato prossimo. They may also have different ranges of usage: in all three of the languages just mentioned, the forms in question serve as a ...
In colloquial usage, the use of the passato remoto becomes more prevalent going from the North to the South of Italy. While Northern Italians and Sardinians use passato prossimo in any perfective situation, Southern Italians will use passato remoto even for recent events. Typical conjugations:
Unlike French, Italian has a form to express progressive aspect: in either the present or the past imperfective, the verb stare ("to stand", "to be temporarily") conjugated for person and number is followed by a present gerund (indicated by the suffix -ando or -endo ("-ing")).
Standard Italian: Andiamo a mangiare (We're going to eat), Noi andiamo là (We go there) Tuscan: Si va a mangià (We're going to eat), Noi si va là (We go there) The phenomenon is found in all verb tenses, including compound tenses. In those tenses, the use of si requires a form of essere (to be) as auxiliary verb.
The Spanish copulas are ser and estar.The latter developed as follows: stare → *estare → estar. The copula ser developed from two Latin verbs. Thus its inflectional paradigm is a combination: most of it derives from svm (to be) but the present subjunctive appears to come from sedeo (to sit) via the Old Spanish verb seer.