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  2. Free will - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will

    Free will here is predominantly treated with respect to physical determinism in the strict sense of nomological determinism, although other forms of determinism are also relevant to free will. [30] For example, logical and theological determinism challenge metaphysical libertarianism with ideas of destiny and fate, and biological, cultural and ...

  3. Incompatibilism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incompatibilism

    Free-will libertarianism is the view that the free-will thesis (that we, ordinary humans, have free will) is true and that determinism is false; in first-order language, it is the view that we (ordinary humans) have free will and the world does not behave in the way described by determinism.

  4. Instrumental and value-rational action - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_value...

    II:76, 652 His prime example of instrumental action was the same as Weber's: widespread use of utilitarian means to satisfy individual ends. [6]: 51–5, 698 His prime example of value-rational action was institutionalised rituals found in all societies: culturally prescribed but eternally legitimate ends. [6]: 467, 675–9, 717 [7]

  5. Social determinism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_determinism

    Social determinism is the theory that social interactions alone determine individual behavior (as opposed to biological or objective factors). [citation needed]A social determinist would only consider social dynamics like customs, cultural expectations, education, and interpersonal interactions as the contributing factors to shape human behavior.

  6. Friedrich Nietzsche and free will - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche_and...

    Now, going back to the mentioned definition, chance means: that what cannot be predicted. If randomness affects a man (unsubjugated, reaching even the surface of his consciousness), then "unfree will" occurs. Thus, whenever we call something free, we feel something free, in short: wherever we feel our power, it is deterministic, it is a ...

  7. Positive liberty - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_liberty

    Put in the simplest terms, one might say that a democratic society is a free society because it is a self-determined society, and that a member of that society is free to the extent that he or she participates in its democratic process. But there are also individualist applications of the concept of positive freedom.

  8. Libertarianism (metaphysics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)

    Other approaches do not require free will to be a fundamental constituent of the universe; ordinary randomness is appealed to as supplying the "elbow room" believed to be necessary by libertarians. Free volition is regarded as a particular kind of complex, high-level process with an element of indeterminism.

  9. Indeterminism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeterminism

    Indeterminism is the idea that events (or certain events, or events of certain types) are not caused, or are not caused deterministically.. It is the opposite of determinism and related to chance.