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Malingering is the fabrication, feigning, or exaggeration of physical or psychological symptoms designed to achieve a desired outcome, such as personal gain, relief ...
An individual's behavioral style significantly affects verbal and nonverbal communication. [3] Someone rarely utilizes all behavioral communication styles. Identifying one's behavioral style requires a high level of self-awareness. [3] There are different way to communicate such as direct and indirect communication.
Stating that an individual is malingering can cause iatrogenic harm to patients if they are actually not exaggerating or feigning. Such iatrogenic harm may consist in delaying or denying medical attention, therapies, or insurance benefits. In the U.S. military, malingering is a court-martial offense under the Uniform Code of Military Justice.
The effect links to the needs of effective communication, as there is a reduced effect when words are repeated or lists are read where communication intelligibility is not important. [5] Since the effect is involuntary it is used as a means to detect malingering in those simulating hearing loss .
Some studies have found that females tend to be more responsive to non-verbal cues in comparison to verbal cues. [5] Knowing a person's sex can also give insight into a person's non-verbal leakage, as males and females tend to display particular non-verbal leakage when telling the truth, which can also help to indicate when someone is telling a lie, as such behaviors would be suppressed. [6]
Some tools used to assess malingering PTSD may be outdated and some of the research articles have used these outdated tools for their research. These malingering PTSD assessments often involve subjective elements with self-reporting items. [48] This subjectivity can impact the reliability and validity of malingering assessment. [49]
Image credits: Cubbby It does not take a genius to realize that the customer is most definitely not always right. Broadly speaking, this concept was more often used as advice for the folks ...
An example of this would involve how communication interactions with men will often involve them using interruptions as a controlling communication behavior. [42] However, one study found that "people accommodate their conversants' speech style (more man-like or woman-like) more than to their actual gender". [ 43 ]