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One example of virtual miniport driver usage is to add virtual NICs, each with a different VLAN. Because implementations cannot assume that other drivers received the same buffers, one must treat the incoming buffers as read-only and a driver that changes the packet content must allocate its own buffers.
Packet Tracer is a cross-platform visual simulation tool designed by Cisco Systems that allows users to create network topologies and imitate modern computer networks.The software allows users to simulate the configuration of Cisco routers and switches using a simulated command line interface.
IEEE 802.1Q, often referred to as Dot1q, is the networking standard that supports virtual local area networking (VLANs) on an IEEE 802.3 Ethernet network. The standard defines a system of VLAN tagging for Ethernet frames and the accompanying procedures to be used by bridges and switches in handling such frames.
The technique specified by the standard is known informally as stacked VLANs or QinQ. The original 802.1Q specification allows a single virtual local area network (VLAN) header to be inserted into an Ethernet frame. QinQ allows multiple VLAN tags to be inserted into a single frame, an essential capability for implementing metro Ethernet.
A QinQ arrangement would add another four-octet tag containing a two-octet TPID using various EtherType values. 802.1Q VLAN tagging uses an 0x8100 EtherType value. The payload following includes a 16-bit tag control identifier (TCI) followed by an Ethernet frame beginning with a second (original) EtherType field for consumption by end stations .
As VLANs are segmented, it reduces the amount of traffic flow through a connection. By separating VLANs, it provides enhanced network security. Network administrators have direct control over multiple broadcast domains. In the event of a malicious user attempting to access any switch port, they will have limited access to the network.
A VLAN access control list (VACL) provides access control for all packets that are bridged within a VLAN or that are routed into or out of a VLAN. Unlike regular Cisco IOS access control lists that are configured on router interfaces and applied on routed packets only, VACLs apply to all packets.
LLTD is available for download for 32-bit editions of Windows XP with Service Pack 2 (as a publicly released update) [3] and for Windows XP with Service Pack 3 (as a hotfix by request). [4] LLTD Responder was not released for Windows XP Professional x64 Edition. A 2006 fall update for the Xbox 360 enabled support for the LLTD protocol. [5]