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The A blood type contains about 20 subgroups, of which A1 and A2 are the most common (over 99%). A1 makes up about 80% of all A-type blood, with A2 making up almost all of the rest. [38] These two subgroups are not always interchangeable as far as transfusion is concerned, as some A2 individuals produce antibodies against the A1 antigen.
Karl Landsteiner ForMemRS [2] (German: [kaʁl ˈlantˌʃtaɪnɐ]; 14 June 1868 – 26 June 1943 [3]) was an Austrian-American biologist, physician, and immunologist. [4] He emigrated with his family to New York in 1923 at the age of 55 for professional opportunities, working for the Rockefeller Institute.
Jacques Ruffié (22 November 1921, Limoux, France – 1 July 2004) was a French haematologist, geneticist, and anthropologist.He founded a discipline, called blood typing, which allowed the study of blood characteristics to find the history of the people, their migration and their successive interbreeding.
A complete blood type would describe each of the 45 blood groups, and an individual's blood type is one of many possible combinations of blood-group antigens. [3] Almost always, an individual has the same blood group for life, but very rarely an individual's blood type changes through addition or suppression of an antigen in infection, malignancy, or autoimmune disease.
He also invented a number of instruments for the transfusion of blood. ... (1876–1957) Moss-blood typing technique of 1910 was widely used until World War II. [94] [95]
Charles Richard Drew (June 3, 1904 – April 1, 1950) was an American surgeon and medical researcher. He researched in the field of blood transfusions, developing improved techniques for blood storage, and applied his expert knowledge to developing large-scale blood banks early in World War II.
1901. Austrian physician Karl Landsteiner discovered the basic A-B-AB-O blood types. 1903. Dutch physician Willem Einthoven invented the Electrocardiograph. 1905. Novocaine was first used as a local anesthetic. 1907. Austrian surgeon Hermann Schloffer became the first to successfully remove a pituitary tumor. 1910.
The term human blood group systems is defined by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) as systems in the human species where cell-surface antigens—in particular, those on blood cells—are "controlled at a single gene locus or by two or more very closely linked homologous genes with little or no observable recombination between them", [1] and include the common ABO and Rh ...