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Vagusstoff (literally translated from German as "Vagus Substance") refers to the substance released by stimulation of the vagus nerve which causes a reduction in the heart rate. Discovered in 1921 by physiologist Otto Loewi , vagusstoff was the first confirmation of chemical synaptic transmission and the first neurotransmitter ever discovered.
His experiment was iconic because it was the first to demonstrate the endogenous release of a chemical substance that could cause a response in the absence of electrical stimulation. It paved the way for the understanding that the electrical signaling event (action potential) causes a chemical event (release of neurotransmitter from synapses ...
Vagusstoff transmitted inhibition from the vagus nerves, and Acceleransstoff transmitted stimulation from the sympathetic nerves to the heart. [31] Loewi took some years to commit himself with respect to the nature of the Stoffe , but in 1926 he was sure that Vagusstoff was acetylcholine, writing in 1936 [ 32 ] "I no longer hesitate to identify ...
He initially gave it the name Vagusstoff because it was released from the vagus nerve and in 1936 he wrote: [36] ″I no longer hesitate to identify the Sympathicusstoff with adrenaline.″ A graph showing the threshold for nervous system response. One major question for neuroscientists in the early twentieth century was the physiology of nerve ...
The 1921 discovery by Otto Loewi of Vagusstoff using frog hearts resulted in the identification of acetylcholine as the first neurotransmitter. [10] Enkephalin using bioassays such as the mouse vas deferens as a bioassay. [11] Nitric oxide using both assays of bull retractor penis and aortic ring. [12]
Memory transfer was a biological process proposed by James V. McConnell and others in the 1960s. Memory transfer proposes a chemical basis for memory termed memory RNA which can be passed down through flesh instead of an intact nervous system.
A study of alternation can be performed by repeating the experiment multiple times with no reward in either arm of the maze. Another experiment that can be performed is the alternation of rewards each time the experiment is performed, proving the rat will choose the arm that was not visited each time the experiment starts.
Such an experiment has 2×3=6 treatment combinations or cells. Similarly, a 2×2×3 experiment has three factors, two at 2 levels and one at 3, for a total of 12 treatment combinations. If every factor has s levels (a so-called fixed-level or symmetric design), the experiment is typically denoted by s k, where k is the number of