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Sophie Scholl, 1921-1943, a devout Lutheran executed by the Nazis for her anti-Nazi activism; Maria Restituta Kafka, 1943; Józef and Wiktoria Ulma with seven children, 1944; Giuseppe Beotti, 1944; Anna Kolesárová, 1944; Dusty Miller, 1945, a Methodist layman killed in a World War II Japanese administered POW camp in Thailand; Marcel Callo, 1945
The reign of the emperor Diocletian (284−305) marked the final widespread persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire. The most intense period of violence came after Diocletian issued an edict in 303 more strictly enforcing adherence to the traditional religious practices of Rome in conjunction with the Imperial cult .
Anglican historian W.H.C. Frend estimated that 3,000–3,500 Christians were killed in the persecution, although this number is disputed. [357] The historian Min Seok Shin estimates that over 23,500 Christians suffered martyrdom under Diocletian, of whom the names of 850 are known. [358]
Passages like Luke 12:4-7 and Acts 14:22 are read by Maddox as warning Christians of the hardships they will face. Evidence for the deep value early Christians put on persecution may also be found in Acts 5:41 and Acts 8:1-4 (which states that even as Christians were persecuted, they spread the word). [12]
[168]: 249 After the Oldcastle rebellion many were killed. [169]: 12, 13 Jan Hus (1369–1415) accepted some of Wycliff's views and aligned with the Bohemian Reform movement which was also rooted in popular piety.
A. N. Sherwin-White records that serious discussion of the reasons for Roman persecution of Christians began in 1890 when it produced "20 years of controversy" and three main opinions: first, there was the theory held by most French and Belgian scholars that "there was a general enactment, precisely formulated and valid for the whole empire, which forbade the practice of the Christian religion.
[citation needed] It is likely that between 3,000 and 5,000 people were executed. [50] About 50 people were executed by the Mexican Inquisition. [51] Included in that total are 29 people who were executed as "Judaizers" between 1571 and 1700 out of 324 people who were prosecuted for practicing the Jewish religion. [52]
Many Christian martyrs were executed under the Islamic death penalty for defending their Christian faith through dramatic acts of resistance such as refusing to convert to Islam, repudiation of the Islamic religion and subsequent reconversion to Christianity, and blasphemy toward Muslim beliefs. [36]