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Outliers, missing data and non-normality can all adversely affect the validity of statistical analysis. It is appropriate to study the data and repair real problems before analysis begins. "[I]n any scatter diagram there will be some points more or less detached from the main part of the cloud: these points should be rejected only for cause."
The specific reasons why misinformation spreads through social media so easily remain unknown. A 2018 study of Twitter determined that, compared to accurate information, false information spread significantly faster, further, deeper, and more broadly. [34]
Imprecise language, informal spoken language, or everyday language is less precise than any more formal or academic languages. [1] Language might be said to be imprecise because it exhibits one or more of the following features: ambiguity – when a word or phrase pertains to its having more than one meaning in the language to which the word ...
Statistical bias exists in numerous stages of the data collection and analysis process, including: the source of the data, the methods used to collect the data, the estimator chosen, and the methods used to analyze the data. Data analysts can take various measures at each stage of the process to reduce the impact of statistical bias in their ...
For this essay to apply, we need to be able to show, unambiguously, that a source is either wrong or very likely to be wrong. If you are reading this because you think the cold streak you've been having disproves climate change, this essay is not for you. This essay concerns cases where, based on an analysis of existing reliable sources for a ...
A famous example of verifiable material that is potentially inaccurate is the front page of the Chicago Tribune on November 3, 1948—we have an article about this headline at "Dewey defeats Truman". In this case, we have a retraction from the newspaper which provides strong evidence that the material was inaccurate.
Information may be structured as data. Redundant data can be compressed up to an optimal size, which is the theoretical limit of compression. The information available through a collection of data may be derived by analysis. For example, a restaurant collects data from every customer order.
This can occur in any of a number of ways, in the way the sample is selected, or in the way data are collected. [86] It is a property of a statistical technique or of its results whereby the expected value of the results differs from the true underlying quantitative parameter being estimated .