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  2. Beowulf - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf

    Beowulf (/ ˈ b eɪ ə w ʊ l f /; [1] Old English: Bēowulf [ˈbeːowuɫf]) is an Old English epic poem in the tradition of Germanic heroic legend consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines.

  3. Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf:_A_Translation_and...

    The former, subtitled "Beowulf and Grendel", is a poem or song [5] of seven eight-line stanzas about Beowulf's victory over Grendel. The latter is a poem of fifteen eight-line stanzas on the same theme; several of the stanzas, including the first and the last, are almost identical with the first version.

  4. Translating Beowulf - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translating_Beowulf

    The difficulty of translating Beowulf from its compact, metrical, alliterative form in a single surviving but damaged Old English manuscript into any modern language is considerable, [1] matched by the large number of attempts to make the poem approachable, [2] and the scholarly attention given to the problem.

  5. Grendel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grendel

    An illustration of Grendel by J. R. Skelton from the 1908 Stories of Beowulf. Grendel is described as "Very terrible to look upon." Grendel is a character in the Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf (700–1000 CE). He is one of the poem's three antagonists (along with his mother and the dragon), all aligned in opposition against the protagonist Beowulf.

  6. List of kennings - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kennings

    poetry Grímnir's lip-streams Grímnir is one of the names of Odin. N: Þórsdrápa: raven swan of blood Ravens ate the dead at battlefields. N: the sea whale-road hron-rād: N,OE: Beowulf 10: "In the end, each clan on the outlying coasts beyond the whale-road had to yield to him and begin to pay tribute" the sea sail road seġl-rād: OE ...

  7. Nowell Codex - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowell_Codex

    Remounted page from Beowulf, British Library Cotton Vitellius A.XV, 133r First page of Beowulf, contained in the damaged Nowell Codex (132r). The Nowell Codex is the second of two manuscripts comprising the bound volume Cotton MS Vitellius A XV, one of the four major Old English poetic manuscripts.

  8. Wealhtheow - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealhtheow

    The name Wealhtheow is unique to Beowulf.Like most Old English names, the name Wealhtheow is transparently recognisable as a compound of two nouns drawn from everyday vocabulary, in this case wealh (which in early Old English meant "Roman, Celtic-speaker" but whose meaning changed during the Old English period to mean "Briton", then "enslaved Briton", and then "slave") and þēow (whose ...

  9. On Translating Beowulf - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Translating_Beowulf

    "On Translating Beowulf " is an essay by J. R. R. Tolkien which discusses the difficulties faced by anyone attempting to translate the Old English heroic-elegiac poem Beowulf into modern English.