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The remembering of the past as having been better than it really was. Saying is believing effect: Communicating a socially tuned message to an audience can lead to a bias of identifying the tuned message as one's own thoughts. [177] Self-relevance effect: That memories relating to the self are better recalled than similar information relating ...
The bandwagon effect is a psychological phenomenon where people adopt certain behaviors, styles, or attitudes simply because others are doing so. [1] More specifically, it is a cognitive bias by which public opinion or behaviours can alter due to particular actions and beliefs rallying amongst the public. [2]
Overplacement is the most prominent manifestation of the overconfidence effect which is a belief that erroneously rates someone as better than others. [17] This subsection of overconfidence occurs when people believe themselves to be better than others, or "better-than-average". [3]
The backfire effect is a name for the finding that given evidence against their beliefs, people can reject the evidence and believe even more strongly. [138] [139] The phrase was coined by Brendan Nyhan and Jason Reifler in 2010. [140] However, subsequent research has since failed to replicate findings supporting the backfire effect. [141]
Alicke and Govorun proposed the idea that, rather than individuals consciously reviewing and thinking about their own abilities, behaviors and characteristics and comparing them to those of others, it is likely that people instead have what they describe as an "automatic tendency to assimilate positively-evaluated social objects toward ideal trait conceptions". [6]
Relevant items of cognition include peoples' actions, feelings, ideas, beliefs, values, and things in the environment. Cognitive dissonance exists without signs but surfaces through psychological stress when persons participate in an action that goes against one or more of conflicting things.
An AI chatbot was able to persuade people to reconsider their beliefs in conspiracy theories about the JFK assassination, the moon landing and election fraud.
Intellectual humility is a metacognitive process characterized by recognizing the limits of one's knowledge and acknowledging one's fallibility. It involves several components, including not thinking too highly of oneself, refraining from believing one's own views are superior to others', lacking intellectual vanity, being open to new ideas, and acknowledging mistakes and shortcomings.