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Cephalic disorders (from Greek κεφαλή 'head') are congenital conditions that stem from damage to, or abnormal development of, the budding nervous system.. Cephalic disorders are not necessarily caused by a single factor, but may be influenced by hereditary or genetic conditions, nutritional deficiencies, or by environmental exposures during pregnancy, such as medication taken by the ...
The exact cause(s) of HPE are yet to be determined. Mutations in the gene encoding the SHH protein, which is involved in the development of the central nervous system (CNS), can cause holoprosencephaly. [8] [9] [10] In other cases, it often seems that there is no specific cause at all. [11]
Cebocephaly causes: two separate eyes set close together [1] a small, flat nose with a single nostril [1] ear abnormalities [2] mouth abnormalities (such as microstomia) [1] The presence of a nasal septum precludes a diagnosis of cebocephaly. [3] Cebocephaly may cause malformations of the sphenoid and ethmoid bones behind the orbit. [1]
Infants with extensive defects show symptoms of the disorder shortly after birth, and the diagnosis is usually made before the age of 1. [ 2 ] [ 7 ] The following text lists out common signs and symptoms of porencephaly in affected individuals along with a short description of certain terminologies.
a normal cephalic index (maximum cranium width / maximum cranium length) however, there is bitemporal shortening and biparietal broadening; The neuropsychological development is not always affected. These effects are only visible in a small percentage of children with trigonocephaly or other suture synostoses. Neuropsychological signs are:
In Greek, brachy means shortened, and cephalic pertains to the head, so the simple definition is that the dog has a short skull in ratio to its width. The nose is typically pushed in, meaning the ...
Anencephaly is the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp that occurs during embryonic development. [1] It is a cephalic disorder that results from a neural tube defect that occurs when the rostral (head) end of the neural tube fails to close, usually between the 23rd and 26th day following conception. [2]
Otocephaly describes a spectrum of various manifestations, ranging in severity from severe micrognathia as a part of the Pierre Robin sequence to the cyclopia-holoprosencephaly complex, which is invariably associated with fetal death or death immediately after