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Spondylolisthesis is classified as one of the six major etiologies: degenerative, traumatic, dysplastic, isthmic, pathologic, or post-surgical. [7] Spondylolisthesis most commonly occurs in the lumbar spine, primarily at the L5-S1 level, with the L5 vertebral body anteriorly translating over the S1 vertebral body.
Forward displacement of a proximal vertebra in relation to its adjacent vertebra in association with an intact neural arch, and in the presence of degenerative changes, is known as degenerative spondylolisthesis, [9] [10] which narrows the spinal canal, and symptoms of spinal stenosis are common. Of these, neural claudication is most common.
Spondylolisthesis affects between 4% and 8% of the U.S. population, and the most common form, degenerative spondylolisthesis, can be due to the wear and tear of normal aging, according to the ...
Retrolisthesis can be classified as a form of spondylolisthesis, since spondylolisthesis is often defined in the literature as displacement in any direction. [1] [2] Yet, medical dictionaries usually define spondylolisthesis specifically as the forward or anterior displacement of a vertebra over the vertebra inferior to it (or the sacrum).
Causes may include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, spinal tumors, trauma, Paget's disease of the bone, scoliosis, spondylolisthesis, and the genetic condition achondroplasia. [3] It can be classified by the part of the spine affected into cervical, thoracic, and lumbar stenosis. [2]
The greatest benefit appears to be in spondylolisthesis, while evidence is weaker for spinal stenosis. [5] The most common cause of pressure on the spinal cord/nerves is degenerative disc disease. [6] Other common causes include disc herniation, spinal stenosis, trauma, and spinal tumors. [4]
Degenerative changes cause compression of the spinal cord. Degenerative disc disease (DDD) may trigger the pathogenesis of neurogenic claudication. [17] When intervertebral discs degenerate and change shape in DDD, the normal movements of the spine are interrupted.
Degenerative disc disease occurs over time when the discs within each vertebra in the neck begin to fall apart and begin to disintegrate. Because each vertebra can cause pain in different areas of the body, the pain from the disease can be sensed in the back, leg, neck area, or even the arms.
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