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In mathematics, the polar coordinate system specifies a given point in a plane by using a distance and an angle as its two coordinates. These are the point's distance from a reference point called the pole, and; the point's direction from the pole relative to the direction of the polar axis, a ray drawn from the pole.
Changing orientation of a rigid body is the same as rotating the axes of a reference frame attached to it.. In geometry, the orientation, attitude, bearing, direction, or angular position of an object – such as a line, plane or rigid body – is part of the description of how it is placed in the space it occupies. [1]
However the inconvenience of having to continuously change bearings while travelling a great circle route makes rhumb line navigation appealing in certain instances. [ 1 ] The point can be illustrated with an east–west passage over 90 degrees of longitude along the equator , for which the great circle and rhumb line distances are the same, at ...
Having a constant diameter, measured at varying angles around the shape, is often considered to be a simple measurement of roundness.This is misleading. [3]Although constant diameter is a necessary condition for roundness, it is not a sufficient condition for roundness: shapes exist that have constant diameter but are far from round.
A ball bearing. A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to only the desired motion and reduces friction between moving parts.The design of the bearing may, for example, provide for free linear movement of the moving part or for free rotation around a fixed axis; or, it may prevent a motion by controlling the vectors of normal forces that bear on the moving parts.
Thus, 32 points of 11.25° each makes a circle of 360°. An object at 022.5° relative would be 'two points off the starboard bow', an object at 101.25° relative would be 'one point abaft the starboard beam' and an object at 213.75° relative would be 'three points on the port quarter'. This method is only used for a relative bearing.
Defined by Wadell in 1935, [1] the sphericity, , of an object is the ratio of the surface area of a sphere with the same volume to the object's surface area: = where is volume of the object and is the surface area.
This abelian group is a Klein four-group-module, where the group acts by reflection in each of the coordinate directions (here depicted by red and blue arrows intersecting at the identity element). In mathematics , given a group G , a G -module is an abelian group M on which G acts compatibly with the abelian group structure on M .