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A provirus is a virus genome that is integrated into the DNA of a host cell. In the case of bacterial viruses ( bacteriophages ), proviruses are often referred to as prophages . However, proviruses are distinctly different from prophages and these terms should not be used interchangeably.
Many (but not all) temperate phages can integrate their genomes into their host bacterium's chromosome, together becoming a lysogen as the phage genome becomes a prophage. A temperate phage is also able to undergo a productive, typically lytic life cycle, where the prophage is expressed, replicates the phage genome, and produces phage progeny ...
A prophage is a bacteriophage (often shortened to "phage") genome that is integrated into the circular bacterial chromosome or exists as an extrachromosomal plasmid within the bacterial cell. [1] Integration of prophages into the bacterial host is the characteristic step of the lysogenic cycle of temperate phages.
Often simply called an antiviral. A class of antimicrobial medication used specifically for treating diseases caused by viral infections rather than ones caused by bacteria or other infectious agents. Unlike most antibiotics, antivirals typically do not destroy their target viruses but instead inhibit their development. They are distinct from virucides. assembly The construction of the virus ...
This int protein integrates the phage DNA into the host chromosome (see "Prophage Integration"). No Q results in no extension of the P R' promoter's reading frame, so no lytic or structural proteins are made. Elevated levels of int (much higher than that of xis) result in the insertion of the lambda genome into the hosts genome (see diagram).
An endogenous viral element (EVE) is a DNA sequence derived from a virus, and present within the germline of a non-viral organism.EVEs may be entire viral genomes (), or fragments of viral genomes.
Some viruses may integrate their genome directly into that of the host in the form of a provirus. [4] This ability to transfer foreign genetic material has been exploited by genetic engineers to create viral vectors, which can transduce the desired transgene into a target cell. [2] Viral vectors consists of three components: [5] [6]
Phagemids are used in a variety of biotechnology applications; for example, they can be used in a molecular biology technique called "phage display". [ 2 ] The term "phagemid" or "phagemids" was coined by a group of Soviet scientists, who discovered them, named them, and published the article in April 1984 in Gene magazine.