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A spinal cord stimulator (SCS) or dorsal column stimulator (DCS) is a type of implantable neuromodulation device (sometimes called a "pain pacemaker") that is used to send electrical signals to select areas of the spinal cord (dorsal columns) for the treatment of certain pain conditions.
Hair-grooming syncope typically manifests as presyncopal symptoms during hair combing, brushing, braiding, trimming, curling or blow drying. [1] [2] These symptoms are followed by loss of consciousness and sometimes convulsions. [2] Migraines, abdominal pain, "feeling funny" or blurred vision may also occur before or after episodes.
The stimulation, applied over the lumbar spinal cord, works by activating large diameter afferent fibers entering the spinal cord, [17] [18] which then transsynaptically activate and engage spinal neuronal networks. [19] The same target structures can also be activated by transcutaneous electrodes placed over the lower thoracic spine and ...
Neurostimulation for chronic pain is primarily through the use of spinal cord stimulators. [11] These devices deliver electrical stimulation to different areas of the spine based on where they are implanted. Since 2012, Medtronic has produced spinal cord stimulators with accelerometers that can predict the patient's position. The device can be ...
The second-order neurons ascend to the brain stem and thalamus in the ventrolateral, or anterolateral, quadrant of the contralateral half of the spinal cord, forming the spinothalamic tract. [1] The spinothalamic tract is the main pathway associated with pain and temperature perception, which immediately crosses the spinal cord laterally. [1]
Langley concluded that the primary neuronal stimulation did not end after the first synapse but rather was involved in branching connections to multiple neurons causing cat hair in surrounding areas to rise. [4] Langley defined this pathway as "axon reflex." A normal spinal cord reflex arc, whereas the axon reflex would bypass the interneuron.