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Ozone hole in North America during 1984 (abnormally warm, reducing ozone depletion) and 1997 (abnormally cold, resulting in increased seasonal depletion). Source: NASA [46] The Antarctic ozone hole is an area of the Antarctic stratosphere in which the recent ozone levels have dropped to as low as 33 percent of their pre-1975 values. [47]
The reactivity of ozone makes ozone a very general agent for killing pathogens given high enough concentration and time. When used in medical treatments the efficient targeting of ozone to the site where it needs to be active is therefor important. Non-targeted ozone at high concentrations could cause unwanted damage to healthy tissues.
Pictured left: Image of the largest Antarctic ozone hole ever recorded (September 2006). Ozone depletion consists of two related events observed since the late 1970s: a steady lowering of about four percent in the total amount of ozone in Earth's atmosphere, and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone (the ozone layer) around Earth's polar regions.
The ozone hole was much more seen as a "hot issue" and imminent risk compared to global climate change, [13] as lay people feared a depletion of the ozone layer (ozone shield) risked increasing severe consequences such as skin cancer, cataracts, [23] damage to plants, and reduction of plankton populations in the ocean's photic zone. This was ...
Permanent damage to the upper respiratory tract, distal airways, and lung parenchyma occurs only if escape from the gas source is impeded. Less soluble gases (e.g. nitrogen dioxide, phosgene, ozone) may not dissolve until they are well into the respiratory tract, often reaching the lower airways. [25]
This cooling is projected to result in a relative rise in ozone (O 3) depletion in the polar region, as well as an increase in the frequency of ozone holes. [38] Ozone depletion, on the other hand, is a radiative forcing of the climate system. Two opposite effects exist: Reduced ozone causes the stratosphere to absorb less solar radiation ...
For ozone (O 3), the guidelines suggest values no higher than 100 μg/m 3 for an 8-hour mean and 60 μg/m 3 peak season mean. [2] For nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), the guidelines set 10 μg/m 3 for the annual mean or 25 μg/m 3 for a 24-hours mean. [2] For sulfur dioxide (SO 2), the guidelines stipulate concentrations not exceeding 40 μg/m 3 24 ...
This reaction causes the depletion of the ozone layer. [1] The resulting ClO • radicals can further react: ClO • + O • → Cl • + O 2. regenerating the chlorine radical. In this way, the overall reaction for the decomposition of ozone is catalyzed by chlorine, as ultimately chlorine remains unchanged. The overall reaction is: O • + O ...