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Collision cell from a Waters Xevo TQ-S triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Collision-induced dissociation (CID), also known as collisionally activated dissociation (CAD), is a mass spectrometry technique to induce fragmentation of selected ions in the gas phase.
The unit of r(T) can be converted to mol⋅L −1 ⋅s −1, after divided by (1000×N A), where N A is the Avogadro constant. For a reaction between A and B, the collision frequency calculated with the hard-sphere model with the unit number of collisions per m 3 per second is:
As a result of the Further and Higher Education (Scotland) Act 1992 a series of Revised Higher Grade courses was put in place. When listed on the SCE the subject name would be followed by (Revised). The revision process changed the curriculum content and the method of examination with the majority of Higher Grade courses changing to two ...
For example, 3-methyl-1-pentene with a rectus assignment is formatted as (R)-3-methyl-1-pentene. [12] An example of a (s) descriptor: (1R,2s,3S)-1,2,3-trichlorocyclopentane. A practical method of determining whether an enantiomer is R or S is by using the right-hand rule: one wraps the molecule with the fingers in the direction 1 → 2 → 3.
Boiling-point elevation is the phenomenon whereby the boiling point of a liquid (a solvent) will be higher when another compound is added, meaning that a solution has a higher boiling point than a pure solvent. This happens whenever a non-volatile solute, such as a salt, is added to a pure solvent, such as water.
Section 3.8 introduces atomic units and gives a table of atomic units of various physical quantities and the conversion factor to the SI units. Section 7.3(v) gives a concise but clear tutorial on practical use of atomic units, in particular how to understand equations "written in atomic units".
Compared to benzene, the rate of electrophilic substitution on pyridine is much slower, due to the higher electronegativity of the nitrogen atom. Additionally, the nitrogen in pyridine easily gets a positive charge either by protonation (from nitration or sulfonation) or Lewis acids (such as AlCl 3) used to catalyze the reaction. This makes the ...
Heavy metals is a controversial and ambiguous term [2] for metallic elements with relatively high densities, atomic weights, or atomic numbers.The criteria used, and whether metalloids are included, vary depending on the author and context and has been argued should not be used.