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A group of balusters supporting a handrail, coping, or ornamental detail is known as a balustrade. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The term baluster shaft is used to describe forms such as a candlestick, upright furniture support, and the stem of a brass chandelier.
The 1 inch insulation glass is typically made up of two 1/4-inch lites of glass with a 1 ⁄ 2 inch (13 mm) airspace. The air inside is usually atmospheric air, but some inert gases, such as argon or krypton, may be used in order to offer better thermal transmittance values. In Europe, triple-pane insulating glass infill is now common.
The template for rimless eyeglasses date back to the 1820s, when an Austrian inventor named Johann Friedrich Voigtländer [] marketed a rimless monocle. [2] The design as it is known today arose in the 1880s [3] as a means to alleviate the combined weight of metal frames with heavy glass lenses.
The calculation of glass properties allows "fine-tuning" of desired material characteristics, e.g., the refractive index. [1]The calculation of glass properties (glass modeling) is used to predict glass properties of interest or glass behavior under certain conditions (e.g., during production) without experimental investigation, based on past data and experience, with the intention to save ...
Glass block, also known as glass brick, is an architectural element made from glass used in areas where privacy or visual obscuration is desired while admitting light, such as underground parking garages, washrooms, and municipal swimming baths. Glass block was originally developed in the early 1900s to provide natural light in industrial ...
The glass is most susceptible to breakage due to damage at its edge, where the tensile stress is the greatest, but can also shatter in the event of a hard impact in the middle of the glass pane or if the impact is concentrated (for example, the glass is struck with a hardened point).
Glass thicknesses typically range from 1.8 to 2.5 millimetres (0.071 to 0.098 in). Clear glass has light transmission of approximately 90%, absorption of approximately 2%, and reflection of approximately 8%. Whereas absorption can be reduced by using low-iron glass, reflection can only be reduced by an anti-reflective surface treatment.
A typical installation of insulated glass windows with uPVC frames. Possibly the earliest use of double glazing was in Siberia, where it was observed by Henry Seebohm in 1877 as an established necessity in the Yeniseysk area where the bitterly cold winter temperatures regularly fall below -50° C, indicating how the concept may have started: [2]