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In mathematics and computer science, a canonical, normal, or standard form of a mathematical object is a standard way of presenting that object as a mathematical expression. Often, it is one which provides the simplest representation of an object and allows it to be identified in a unique way.
The adjective canonical is applied in many contexts to mean 'according to the canon' – the standard, rule or primary source that is accepted as authoritative for the body of knowledge or literature in that context. In mathematics, canonical example is often used to mean 'archetype'.
In mathematics, a canonical basis is a basis of an algebraic structure that is canonical in a sense that depends on the precise context: In a coordinate space , and more generally in a free module , it refers to the standard basis defined by the Kronecker delta .
The same term can also be used more informally to refer to something "standard" or "classic". For example, one might say that Euclid's proof is the "canonical proof" of the infinitude of primes. There are two canonical proofs that are always used to show non-mathematicians what a mathematical proof is like:
Every vector a in three dimensions is a linear combination of the standard basis vectors i, j and k.. In mathematics, the standard basis (also called natural basis or canonical basis) of a coordinate vector space (such as or ) is the set of vectors, each of whose components are all zero, except one that equals 1. [1]
A canonical form is a labeled graph Canon(G) that is isomorphic to G, such that every graph that is isomorphic to G has the same canonical form as G. Thus, from a solution to the graph canonization problem, one could also solve the problem of graph isomorphism : to test whether two graphs G and H are isomorphic, compute their canonical forms ...
It is difficult to choose a canonical rule in this case. "Natural" is a well-defined mathematical notion, but it does not ensure uniqueness. "Canonical" does, but generally is more or less conventional. A consistent choice of canonical equivalences is an inevitable component of equivalent definitions of mathematical structures.
3. Between two groups, may mean that the first one is a proper subgroup of the second one. > (greater-than sign) 1. Strict inequality between two numbers; means and is read as "greater than". 2. Commonly used for denoting any strict order. 3. Between two groups, may mean that the second one is a proper subgroup of the first one. ≤ 1.