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From the conjecture and the proof of the fundamental theorem of calculus, calculus as a unified theory of integration and differentiation is started. The first published statement and proof of a rudimentary form of the fundamental theorem, strongly geometric in character, [ 2 ] was by James Gregory (1638–1675).
The theorem is a generalization of the second fundamental theorem of calculus to any curve in a plane or space (generally n-dimensional) rather than just the real line. If φ : U ⊆ R n → R is a differentiable function and γ a differentiable curve in U which starts at a point p and ends at a point q , then
Stronger versions of the theorem only require that the partial derivative exist almost everywhere, and not that it be continuous. [2] This formula is the general form of the Leibniz integral rule and can be derived using the fundamental theorem of calculus.
Fundamental theorem of algebra (complex analysis) Fundamental theorem of arbitrage-free pricing (financial mathematics) Fundamental theorem of arithmetic (number theory) Fundamental theorem of calculus ; Fundamental theorem on homomorphisms (abstract algebra) Fundamental theorems of welfare economics ; Furry's theorem (quantum field theory)
Integration by substitution can be derived from the fundamental theorem of calculus as follows. Let f {\displaystyle f} and g {\displaystyle g} be two functions satisfying the above hypothesis that f {\displaystyle f} is continuous on I {\displaystyle I} and g ′ {\displaystyle g'} is integrable on the closed interval [ a , b ] {\displaystyle ...
Fermat's little theorem and some proofs; Gödel's completeness theorem and its original proof; Mathematical induction and a proof; Proof that 0.999... equals 1; Proof that 22/7 exceeds π; Proof that e is irrational; Proof that π is irrational; Proof that the sum of the reciprocals of the primes diverges
For example, the fundamental theorem of calculus gives the relationship between differential calculus and integral calculus. [1] The names are mostly traditional, so that for example the fundamental theorem of arithmetic is basic to what would now be called number theory . [ 2 ]
In single-variable calculus, the fundamental theorem of calculus establishes a link between the derivative and the integral. The link between the derivative and the integral in multivariable calculus is embodied by the integral theorems of vector calculus: [1]: 543ff Gradient theorem; Stokes' theorem; Divergence theorem; Green's theorem.