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  2. Intermolecular force - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermolecular_force

    The attractive force draws molecules closer together and gives a real gas a tendency to occupy a smaller volume than an ideal gas. Which interaction is more important depends on temperature and pressure (see compressibility factor). In a gas, the distances between molecules are generally large, so intermolecular forces have only a small effect.

  3. Raoult's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoult's_law

    Raoult's law (/ ˈ r ɑː uː l z / law) is a relation of physical chemistry, with implications in thermodynamics.Proposed by French chemist François-Marie Raoult in 1887, [1] [2] it states that the partial pressure of each component of an ideal mixture of liquids is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure component (liquid or solid) multiplied by its mole fraction in the mixture.

  4. Ball-and-stick model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball-and-stick_model

    Double and triple bonds are usually represented by two or three curved rods, respectively, or alternately by correctly positioned sticks for the sigma and pi bonds. In a good model, the angles between the rods should be the same as the angles between the bonds , and the distances between the centers of the spheres should be proportional to the ...

  5. Alcohol (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)

    The three "R"s stand for carbon substituents or hydrogen atoms. [1] In chemistry, an alcohol (from Arabic al-kuḥl 'the kohl'), [2] is a type of organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl (−OH) functional group bound to a saturated carbon atom. [3] [4] Alcohols range from the simple, like methanol and ethanol, to complex, like ...

  6. Water model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_model

    The electrostatic interaction is modeled using Coulomb's law, and the dispersion and repulsion forces using the Lennard-Jones potential. [2] [3] The potential for models such as TIP3P (transferable intermolecular potential with 3 points) and TIP4P is represented by

  7. Compressibility factor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressibility_factor

    Deviations of the compressibility factor, Z, from unity are due to attractive and repulsive intermolecular forces. At a given temperature and pressure, repulsive forces tend to make the volume larger than for an ideal gas; when these forces dominate Z is greater than unity. When attractive forces dominate, Z is less than unity.

  8. Hansen solubility parameter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansen_solubility_parameter

    Hansen solubility parameters were developed by Charles M. Hansen in his Ph.D thesis in 1967 [1] [2] as a way of predicting if one material will dissolve in another and form a solution. [3] They are based on the idea that like dissolves like where one molecule is defined as being 'like' another if it bonds to itself in a similar way.

  9. Non-covalent interaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-covalent_interaction

    Non-covalent interactions can be classified into different categories, such as electrostatic, π-effects, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic effects. [3] [2] Non-covalent interactions [4] are critical in maintaining the three-dimensional structure of large molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids.